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| Environmental Health Assessment |
The right to know laws
Risk assessment
assessing risk in vulnerable populations
GOAL: Decrease environmental health risks |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Government Environmental Protection |
Manages environmental exposures
Public education
Environmental Protection Agency, FDA, Department of Agriculture; local health department |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Ethics |
Essential for making ethical decisions regarding environmental health |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Risk communication |
The Right Information to the Right people at the Right Time |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Roles for Nurses in Environmental Health |
community involvement and public participation
Individual and population risk assessment
Risk communication
Epidemiologic investigations
Policy development |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Macrosystem |
*larger*
-culture, government, and physical environment |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Microsystem |
*immediate*
-family and home |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Precautionary Principle |
precautionary measures should be taken to protect the environment and human health
(Track cause and effect) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| environmental Justice |
equal protection from environmental hazards |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Advocacy |
responsibility to be informed consumers and advocates for citizens |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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4 environmental principles
(Commoner's Laws of Ecology) |
1. Everything is connected to everything else
2. Everything has to go somewhere
3. The solution to pollution is dilution
4. Today's solution may be tomorrow's problem |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Toxicology |
the basic science that studies the health affected with chemical exposures |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Mary Brewster |
worked to improve the environment of the HENRY STREET NEIGHBORHOOD
-improve physical, environmental, and social conditions that affected health |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Florence Nightingale (Environmental Health) |
"Mother of biostatistics" |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:18 GMT |
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| Environmental Health |
Impacts disease, health status, and behavior |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:43:17 GMT |
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| Protecting International Travelers |
Provide info on country specific immunization requirements
travel restrictions
travel safety tips: water and food safety |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Immunizations and Vaccines |
State Mandates |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Reportable disease oversight |
STDs, Flu |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Environmental Control |
safe water, uncontaminated restaurant food, and proper disposal of sewage |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Legislative Mandates |
Reporting and safety regulations |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Herd Immunity |
Lower incidence of occurrence among non immunized population |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Indirect Contact (Passive) |
objective transmission
contaminated water, dust, or object |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Direct contact |
Person to Person
Physical contact (person, animal, or other infected carrier) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| Communicable Disease Investigation |
Identify the disease
Isolate the cause
Determine mode of transfer
Establish @ risk population
Estimate impact on population |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:31:03 GMT |
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| role of nurses |
Infection Control: protects others from organism
contact investigation
epidemiologic triangle |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Population Safety vs. Individual Rights |
-Population safety takes precedents over individual rights
-Education nd monitoring rather than quarantine |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Risk for Infections Diseases |
Crowded Living Arrangements
Immigrants
Patients with indwelling catheters |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Disease/Illness on the Rise |
Gonorrhea
TB -not always compliant with med (costly and exstensive)
Pneumonia
Syphilis |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Emerging and Re-Emerging Virus |
Hantavirus: Rodent species
Lyme disease: Ticks
West Nile: Mosquitoes
Avian flu: Poultry |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| HIV/Aids high risk groups |
Men, heterosexuals, and needle drug users |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Hepatitis C, D, and E |
NO vaccination |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Hepatitis A and B |
Vaccinations are available |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Polio 2 step vaccination process |
cuts the risk of getting vaccine-acquired poliomyelitis in half
-1st inactivated
-2nd live oral polio vaccination |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Vaccine |
stimulates immune response |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Antibiotics |
Decreases the amount of time an infected host is contagious
-should be used to reduce the emergence of drug resistant strains |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Communicable Disease control |
to control spread, need to understand the elements and behaviors that facilitate spread of disease
(Quarantine, sanitation level, travel restrictions) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Infectious Disease |
Major cause of death in non-industrialized on countries |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:25:29 GMT |
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| Constant (K) |
1,000, 10,000, or 100,000
"In order to compare results you have to have a constant" |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:11:56 GMT |
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| Denominator |
The population "at risk" of the occurrence or event |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:11:56 GMT |
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| Numerator |
The count or number of occurences of a vital event |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:11:56 GMT |
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| Attack Rate |
The proportion of persons exposed to an agent who develops the disease |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Pandemic |
present over a broad geographic area |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Epidemic |
INCREASED INCIDENCE over what would be expected based on past experience/trends |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Endemic |
ALWAYS present in the environment |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Incidence vs. Prevalence |
Incidence -New cases during any given time
Prevalence- ALL with the health condition (how many and which population)
"Person has to die or recover to no longer be in the prevalence date" |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| High Risk population for Morb/Mort |
Low Income
Homeless
Minorities
contagious and chronic illnesses |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Older Adults Morb/Mort |
Quality of LIfe
Altering Lifestyle
Managing chronic conditions
Caregiver availability
Screening
"How are nutrients absorbed and access to food" |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Adults Morb/Mort |
Preventable health problems
Diet
Life Style Health Patterns
(SCREENINGS) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Adolescents/Young Adults Morb/Mort |
MVA- causes the most injuries among individuals between 15 and 24
Homicide
Suicide
Lifestyle (risk factors) -Nutrition, smoking, drugs, sex, exercise |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Child/School age morbidity/mortality |
Vaccine-preventable disease
Accidents @ home (safety checks)
MVA (Seat belts)
Learning Disabilities
Overweight
Drug/alcohol use and abuse |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Infant Mortality Rate |
Indicator of health and environmental conditions
-used globally to determine health of a population
-if high, indicate unmet health need or negative health environment |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Morbidity |
Incidence of ILL HEALTH |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Mortality |
Incidence of DEATH in a population |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Data Sources |
Vital Statistics
-Morbidity
-Mortality
(Predict risk factors or events)
Surveillance
Surveys
Records |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Experimental Trials |
Hypotheses randomly assigned to experimental and control groups
"Randomized"
-prevents the skewing of results
-researcher has NO control
(initiates treatment or intervention to influence the risk or course of disease) CLINICAL TRIALS!! |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Analytic Studies |
Hypotheses tested (cohort; case control)
Compared diff communities
(HOW and WHY) of observed patterns |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 14:09:21 GMT |
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| Descriptive Investigation (Secondary) |
Describes the amount and distribution of the disease/health problems within a population
(Screenings-describe the extent of disease/illness/health needs) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:52:53 GMT |
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| 3 types of Epidemiologic Investigation |
Descriptive
Analytic Studies
Experimental Trials |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:52:53 GMT |
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| Sources of Data |
utilizes data to figure out whats going on |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:52:53 GMT |
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| Web of Causation |
-Focus on the multiple factors that influence or create the disease
-explains the relationship b/w host, agent, and environment
-explains possible influences |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:52:53 GMT |
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| Epidemiology Triangle |
Mission: Break at lease one side
Defines each factor as it relates to the agent
DOES NOT EXAMINE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EACH OF THE FACTORS |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Epidemiology Triangle |
Agent (causes the disease) "What"
Host (organisms harboring the disease) "Who"
Environment (External Factors that cause or allow transmission) "Where" |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Rehabilitation (Tertiary Prevention) |
Work Therapy
retraining and education
education of the public to utilize the rehabilitated
As full employment as possible (Occupational Health) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Disability Limitation (Secondary) |
Adequate treatment to stop disease process and prevent further complications
Prevent death |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (Secondary) |
Case-finding measures
Screening surveys
Selective examinations
(cure and prevent disease process, prevent the spread of communicable diseases, prevent complications, shorten period of disability) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Period of pathogenesis |
Early diagnosis & prompt treatment
Disability Limitation
Rehabilitation |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Specific Protection (primary) |
Immunizations
Personal Hygiene
Environmental Sanitation
Protection against occupational hazards
protections against accidents
avoid allergens
protections from carcinogens |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:52 GMT |
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| Health Promotion (Primary) |
Education
Attn to personality development
Adequate housing, recreation, and working conditions
marriage counseling
sex education
Genetics
Selective health examinations
nutrition based on phases of life |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:45:51 GMT |
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| Prepathogenesis Period |
Health Promotion
specific Protection |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:34:51 GMT |
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| Natural Disease History |
a description of how that disease "behaves" and what factors affect its incidence and distribution |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:34:51 GMT |
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| Three major concepts of epidemiology |
Natural Disease History
Levels of prevention (Prim, Sec, Tertiary)
Multiple causation of disease |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:34:51 GMT |
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| Florence Nightingale |
-Used basic epidemiology to measure the rates of illness among soldiers
-Looked at how environment affected disease status |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:34:51 GMT |
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| Prevalence |
New AND Old cases |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:30:19 GMT |
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| Incidence |
NEW CASES ONLY!! |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:30:19 GMT |
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| Ratio |
Compares one number with another |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:30:19 GMT |
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| Rate |
Makes comparisons between groups |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:30:19 GMT |
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| HOW...... |
Rate
Ratio
Incidence
Prevalence |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Epidemiology Examines... |
The who, when, where, why, what, and how
of an ocurrence |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Health & Disease (What) |
Diseases defined accurately so they can be recognized and analyzed quantitatively
(Determining what is the actual cause) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Contributing Factors |
Relating to the agent
(Virus, Host, external influences) |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Primary Agents |
Physical, Chemical, Nutrient, Biologic, Psychological, Ergonomic |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Determinants (Patterns) (Why) |
Primary Agents
Contributing factors |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Distribution (Patterns) |
Who (Person)
-Age, Race, Gender
When (time)
-Birth cohort, Calendar time, incubation periods
Where (Place)
-common or dissimilar environment |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Epidemiology is |
The study of that which befalls people
(the study of the distribution and factors to determine health-related events in a population and the determinants of health |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:29:22 GMT |
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| Experimental Epidemiology |
Initiates a treatment or intervention to influence the risk or course of disease |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:18:41 GMT |
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| Analytic Epidemiology |
Investigates the causes and associations between factors or events and health |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:18:41 GMT |
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| Descriptive Epidemiology |
Describes a disease according to its person, place, or time |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:18:41 GMT |
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| Three Types of Epidemiology |
Descriptive
Analytic
Experimental |
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SLoraine Tue, 07 Feb 2012 13:18:40 GMT |
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