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| T/F: a specific biochemical role for chromium has not been firmly established yet |
true |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what are 3 functions of chromium? |
improve growth
glucose metabolism
lipid metabolism |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| is chromium an essential nutrient? |
yes |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what two types of lesions can result from fluorine toxicity? |
dental lesions
skeletal lesions |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| whats another name for fluorine toxicity? |
fluorosis |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| why is fluorine of importance? |
toxicity
protection against caries in humans |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| is fluorine considered nutritionally essential? |
no |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| 3 ways to diagnose iodine deficiency |
signs
history
plasma thyroid hormone concentration |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what is another name for enlarged thyroid gland? |
goiter |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| signs of iodine deficiency |
reduced growth rate and stunting
weak neonates and still borns
rough skin
enlarged thyroid gland |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| causes of iodine deficiency |
low dietary intake
leeched and volatile salts of iodine from supplements |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| where is iodine stored? |
thyroid |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what is the function of iodine? |
synthesis of thyroid hormones |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| name 3 sources of iodine |
food arising from oceans
plants and animals consuming plants from regions near oceans
iodinated salts |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| signs of manganese deficiency in poultry |
perosis (slipped tendon)
tibia twisting
long bone thickening
reluctance to stand and walk |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| signs of manganese deficiency in swine |
enlarged hocks
crooked and shortened legs |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| two causes of manganese deficiency |
corn in low in it
high requirement in poultry |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| In which two species is Manganese deficiency significant? |
swine
poultry |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| name a function of manganese? |
enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
|
| what is the best indicator of Fe body stores? |
serum ferratin concentration |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
|
| how do you diagnose anemia (Fe deficiency)? |
low PCV
low hemoglobin concentration
microcytic hypochromic RBC's
high total iron binding capacity |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what are the causes of Fe deficiency in adult animals? |
chronic blood loss
microcytic hypochromic RBC |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what are the causes of Fe deficiency in young growing animals? |
milk only diets
rapid growth (pigs) |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:30 GMT |
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| what is the most recognized sign of Fe deficiency? |
anemia |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:44:29 GMT |
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| what is the primary storage site for Fe? |
tissue ferratin |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is plasma ferratin used? |
measured as a sensitive indicator of body iron status |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is the minor Fe transporting protein in plasma |
plasma ferratin |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| T/F: plasma transferrin is only partly saturated (~1/3) with Fe when Fe is adequate |
true |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is the major transporting protein in plasma? |
plasma transferrin |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| where are the major storage sites for Fe? |
liver
spleen
bone marrow |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is a key goal in the absorption and metabolism of Fe? |
keep free radical concentrations low |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is the function of Fe and where is it found? |
involved in transport and found in erythroid cells |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is the bioavailability in ferrous salts Fe2+, ferric salts Fe3+ and ferric oxide? |
high in Fe2+, low in Fe3+ and unavailable in ferric oxide |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| name three ways to diagnose a Zn deficiency |
signs
history
skin biopsy histology |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what are the causes of Zn deficiency? |
mineral antagonism (interactions)
binding agents |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
|
| what are the signs of Zn deficiency? |
skin
poor reproduction
defective skeletal growth
reduced immunity |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| which is the major sign of Zn deficiency? |
skin changes |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| where does Zn absorption occur and what does it depend on? |
intestines and metallothionine expression |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what are the 3 major functions of Zn |
catalytic
structural
regulatory |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what species is very susceptible to Cu toxicity? |
sheep that are given mixes for cattle or horses |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| signs of Cu toxicity |
anemia
icterus
red urine
liver failure signs |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| causes of Cu deficiency |
low dietary concentration
low bioavailability
mineral antagonisms
binding agents |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
|
| signs of Cu deficiency |
anemia
bone and connective tissue abnormalities
depigmented hair, wool, feathers
reduced immunity
poor reproduction |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| T/F: pancreas Cu concentration reflects the body Cu status |
false, liver |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| where is Cu stored? |
liver |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| T/F: Cu status is regulated principally through intestinal absorption |
true |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| the abundance of metallothioneins in the intestine is modulated in the homeostasis of which trace mineral? |
Cu |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what catalyzes the formation of protein, lysine and hydroxylysine residue cross-links in connective tissue proteins? |
lysyl oxidase |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| the oxidation of what facilitates the acquisition of iron? |
ceruloplasmin |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what trace mineral does tyrosinase contain and what pathway is it involved? |
Cu containing enzyme in the pathway of melanin synthesis trom tyrosine |
0 |
slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what does Cu/Zn reduce the production of? |
free radicals |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is the measurement for trace minerals? |
mg/kg (ppm) |
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slmw7d Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:15:57 GMT |
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| what is a cause of Mg toxicity in cats? |
high dietary Mg diet from too much bone slurry |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| How do you diagnose Mg deficiency? |
low plasma Mg concentration |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| signs of Mg deficiency |
neuromuscular dysfunction, hyper-excitability, hyperactivity, tachycardia, tremors, tetany, seizures, sudden death |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| what is a cause for Mg deficiency for adult and calf ruminants? |
adult- lush pasture (ion competition)
calves/lambs- low Mg milk |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| what are two causes of Mg deficiency in dogs and cats? |
diabetes and low Mg diets (like urolithiasis diets) |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| there is substantial pre-intestinal absorption of which mineral? |
Mg |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| what three body components are well supplied with Mg? |
muscle, bone, organ tissues |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:56 GMT |
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| T/F: Cl deficiency is common |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| T/F: plant materials are adequate for animal Cl needs |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| signs of K toxicity |
low heart rate, lack of P waves, spiked T waves |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| name a cause of K toxicity |
parenteral over-supplementation |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| signs of K deficiency |
depression and rigid ventroflexion of the head, weight loss, high blood pH (alkalosis) |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| what is another name for low plasma K |
hypokalemia |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| 3 causes of K deficiency |
plant material extensively leached by rain
diet formulation errors
diuretic treatment (excrete too much) |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| T/F: Grains are high in K |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| T/F: vegetative portions of plants are well supplied with K |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| signs of Na toxicity |
disorientation, ataxia, head pressing, paddling, death |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| what are three examples of Na toxicity? |
improperly prepared milk replacers
when Na is used to control supplemental intake
sudden free access to salt after previous limited access |
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slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| when does Na toxicity occur? |
with high dietary salt and when access to water is restricted or denied |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| T/F: processed foods are low in Na especially snack type foods |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| what is the point of a low Na diet? |
treat dogs with congestive heart failure because sodium causes water retention |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| what is a main use for high Na in a diet? |
increase urine volume for prevention of urolithiasis in steers, wethers, and cat |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| which diet does not generally provide adequate Na? (plant or animal) |
plant |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| T/F: restriction of P prolongs survival in renal insufficiency |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| what is hyperparathyroidism resulting from kidney failure called? |
renal secondary hyperparathyroidism |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
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| What is the most potentially toxic nutrient? |
Vitamin D |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| What happens with over supplementation of Vitamin D, Ca, or P? |
exacerbation of skeletal developmental disease |
0 |
slmw7d Sun, 05 Feb 2012 20:32:55 GMT |
|
| what are the causes of osteoporosis? |
diets low in Ca, P, or vitamin D like those causing NSHP |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
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| name the disease: results in spontaneous fractures of the long bones and compression fractures of the vertebrae with consequent pinching of the spinal column |
osteoporosis |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
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| which disease is caused by demineralization of bone in mature animals taking years to develop? |
osteoporosis |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| what are the causes of rickets? |
diets low in Ca, P, and/or vitamin D, diets like those causing NSHP, diets low in P in forage for grazing animals, and vitamin D deficiency from low solar radiation |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
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| name the disease: bone deformation, long bones and scapulae become curved, enlarged joints of long bones, stiff gate, lameness, reluctance to stand, delayed or irregular tooth eruption and uneven wear and mal-alignment of teeth |
Rickets |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| T/F: Rickets is characterized by defective mineralization of growing bone |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| T/F: Rickets is a disease of older animals |
false- young growing animals |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| what are three kinds of diets where nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is common? |
all meat diets (cat and dog)
all seed diets (bird)
all lettuce diets (reptiles) |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by low levels of which mineral? |
low diet calcium |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| why do animals get milk fever? |
because dietary supply is inadequate and mobilization of bone Ca reserves is too slow to prevent it |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
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| when is hypocalcemia an issue for dogs, cows, and cats? |
cats- late gestation
dogs/cows- lactation |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| what is another name for low plasma calcium? |
hypocalcemia |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| what are three names for calcium deficiency? |
eclampsia
milk fever
lactational tetany |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| what form of calcium is used to test for vitamin D status, deficiency or toxicity? |
calcidiol |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| which form of calcium is stored principally in the liver for long periods of time, and is not rapidly cleared from the body? |
Calcidiol |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| In which two species is skin synthesis of vitamin D insufficient? |
cats and dogs |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| T/F: vitamin D is synthesized in the skin for all species |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| what three things that can lead to vitamin D deficiency? |
very low dietary fat
defective fat absorption
poor bile production |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 19:23:58 GMT |
|
| P deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities during which two physiological states? |
growth
maintenance |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what kind of reserve is used to buffer acute dietary changes in P? |
skeletal reserves |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| severe variations in the plasma Ca concentration hav sever effects on which two functions? |
neural
muscular |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| Ca deficiency causes skeletal abnormalities during which two physiological states? |
growth
maintenance |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what kind of reserve is used to buffer acute dietary changes of Ca? |
skeletal reserves |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/Factive absorption of Ca is not impaired by vitamin D deficiency |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what hormone, which is derived from vitamin D, modulates calbindin abundance and can modulate the absorption of calcium? |
calcitrol |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| active absorption of calcium varies with abundance of which enterocyte protein? |
calbindin |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: calcium absorption is poorly controlled in young animals so it is a supplementation concern |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what are the two forms of vitamin D in the diet? |
ergocalciferol
cholecalciferol |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: grasses contain high levels of Ca |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: plants of the leguminoseae family contain high to moderate levels of Ca |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| name two examples of legumes |
alfalfa, clovers |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: All the cereal grains and seeds are a good source of calcium BUT a bad source of phosphorus |
false: poor for calcium and moderate to good for phosphorus |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: Most foods are low in Ca |
true, with the exception of whole animals and milk products |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| deficiency risk for minerals is increased with what two things? |
growth (rapid expanding pool size)
reproduction (fetal sequestration and lactational loss) |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what is the susceptibility for herbivores for mineral deficiencies? |
deficiencies occur when their forage does not require the mineral or when their forage requires less mineral than the herbivore |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what is the susceptibility for omnivores for mineral deficiencies? |
consuming a single class of food (ex. cereal grains) predisposes to deficiency |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what is the susceptibility for carnivores for mineral deficiencies? |
virtually never occur when the whole animal body is consumed |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| name the ultra trace minerals |
Sn (tin), V (vanadium), Ni, Si, B, Cr, F |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| name the trace minerals |
Fe, I, Cu, Co, Mn, Mo, Se, Zn |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| name the macrominerals |
Ca, P, K, Cl, Na, S, Mg |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| Name the three groups of essential minerals |
macrominerals, trace minerals, ultra-trace minerals |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: most minerals essential to animals are not essential to plants. |
false |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| what do animals primarily eat for? |
energy NOT minerals |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| The quantitative need for which three elements is greatest in order? |
Calcium
Phosphate
Potassium |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| Essential minerals are grouped as "macro" and "trace" minerals based on ____________ needs. |
quantitative |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
| T/F: Essential minerals are essential nutrients for all cells |
true |
0 |
slmw7d Sat, 04 Feb 2012 18:53:21 GMT |
|
