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back |
revisions |
lasted changed by |
history |
| muscles of exhalation (during active exercise) |
-internal intercostals
-abs |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:46:25 GMT |
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| muscles of inspiration |
-sternocleidomastoids
-scalenes
-external interncostals
-diaphragm |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:46:25 GMT |
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| elastic connective tissue |
-alveoli don't have muscle
-lung tissue cannot contract
-connective tissue b/w alveolar epithelial cells contain many elastin fibers that create elastic recoil wen lung is stretched |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:46:25 GMT |
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| respiratory bronchioles |
-the transition b/w airway and exchange of epithelium in lung |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:16:03 GMT |
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| pharnyx |
-common passageway for food, air, liquids |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:13:43 GMT |
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| internal (sontaneous) pneumothorac |
-rupture of alveoli
-air released into pleural cavity |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:53:57 GMT |
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| stabbed in the back |
intrathorasic pressure = atm
760 < 0 + 763
elastic recoil pressure collapses lung
-want to remove as much air from cavity as possible; plug up hole; restore slightly negative ITP |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:52:33 GMT |
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| hiccup |
rapid inspiration with closure of glottis |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:52:33 GMT |
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| cough |
-initiated in epiglottis or trachea |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:52:33 GMT |
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| sneezing |
-initiated in nose
-close glottis, contract abs, internal intercostals (Val Salva maneuver)
-increase interthorasic pressure
-open glottis |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:52:33 GMT |
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| hypocapnea |
-low levels fo CO2 |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:42:31 GMT |
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| asthma |
-bronchi constrict, can inhale 100% but can only exhale 75%
-can't exchnage air
-smooth muscle in airways constricts in response to histimine release
-can be reversed by Epinephrine release (relaxes smooth muscle)
-leukotrienes are bronchoconstrictors releases during the inflammatory response
-B2 receptors for E |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:48:19 GMT |
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| breath diving |
-hyperventilation lowers pCO2
-most pCO2 gone
-lots fo O2 for diving
-supress respiration
-however, little CO2 left to tell you to breath
-can pass out b/c run out of O2 w/o CO2 there to tell you you breathe |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:42:31 GMT |
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| base crisis |
decrease resp rate
increase pCO2
increase acid |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:34:51 GMT |
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| acid crisis |
-increase resp rate
decrease pCO2
decrease acid |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:34:51 GMT |
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| H+ |
increase will increase resp rate |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:34:51 GMT |
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| pCO2 |
increase increases rep rate
thru H+ production |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:34:51 GMT |
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| pO2 |
decrease increases resp rate
weak force |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:34:51 GMT |
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| 3 things that regulate resp |
1. pO2
2. pCO2
3. H+ |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:32:55 GMT |
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| how to regulate blood chem? |
-peripheral chemoreceptors in aorta, carotid bodies above heart (O2, H+)
-central chemreceptors: in medulla (H+) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:32:55 GMT |
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| DRG |
-inspiration center
-sensitive to depression by drugs
-barbituates, morphine |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:32:55 GMT |
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| Hering Breur inflation reflex |
-stretch recpetors in lung tissue
-activated by large lung inflation
-sned signals to medulla to stop inspiration |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:32:55 GMT |
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| ondine's curse |
-poeple must breathe voluntarily |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:27:10 GMT |
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| apneustic center |
-in pons
-recieves signals frem cerebral cortex to override
-promote inspiration by stimulation of the medulla oblongata |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:27:10 GMT |
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| ventral respiratry group |
expiration center |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:27:10 GMT |
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| dorsal respiraoty group |
inspiration center
in medulla |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:27:10 GMT |
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| phyiological dead spaces |
-air that is trapped in nonfunctional or poorly functioning alveoli |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:11:55 GMT |
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| anatomical dead space |
-air trapped in non-gas exchange areas (bronchi, trachea, bronchioles) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:11:55 GMT |
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| dead space |
-air that is in resp passages that is not used in teh gas exchange process
1. anatomical
2. physiological |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:11:55 GMT |
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| active exercise expiration |
-internal intercostals and abs actively contract |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 20:11:55 GMT |
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| expiration |
IAP < ITP + ERP
760 < -3 + 767
-full lungs have high ERP
-diaphragm/ external intercostals releax
-thoracic cavity decreases |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:51:41 GMT |
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| inspiration |
IAP > ITP + ERP
760 > -7 + 763 |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:50:35 GMT |
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| pressure formula |
IAP=ITP+ERP
760= -3 + 763 |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:43:21 GMT |
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| deflation pressure |
-eleastic recoil pressure (ERP)
slightly above atm pressure
-increases when you take a deep breath |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:45:03 GMT |
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| ITP |
intra throasic pressure
slightly below atm pressure
-decreases when you take a deep breath |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:44:44 GMT |
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| IAP |
intra alveolar pressure
760mmHg
atm pressure
ALWAYS 760 |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:44:24 GMT |
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| visceral pleura |
lining outside fo lung (small amt of fluid b/w for lubrication) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:40:26 GMT |
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| parietal pleura |
lining inside the thorasic cavity |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:40:26 GMT |
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| ribs |
hinge action on vertebrae |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:40:26 GMT |
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| scalenes |
-connects heads and neck to 1st 2 ribs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:38:35 GMT |
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| sternocleidomastoids |
-connects head and neck to sternum |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:38:35 GMT |
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| intercostals |
-connects all 12 ribs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:38:35 GMT |
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| diaphragm |
lines floor of thorax |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:38:35 GMT |
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| 2 types o alveoli |
Type I Pneumocytes: gas exchange
Type II: produce surfactant; reduces surface tension of moist membranes
Dust cells: macrophages; type of macrophage found in the pulmonary alveolus |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:19:58 GMT |
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| goblet cells |
produce mucous |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:19:58 GMT |
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| mucociliating elevator |
-much of tract contains ciliated cells, sweeping upward
-moves muscus continuously to pharnyx |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:19:58 GMT |
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| alveolar ducts and sacs |
-where gas exchange occurs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:13:10 GMT |
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| respiratory zone |
-repiratory bronchiole thru alveoli
-gas exchange at alveolar ducts and sacs
-held open by smooth muscle |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:14:39 GMT |
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| conducting zone |
-1st 16 branches of bronchi
-no gas exchange
-trachae, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
-important for gas warming, hydration
-held open by cartilage
-bronchioles form transition b/w airways and exchange of epithelium of the lung
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:15:01 GMT |
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| bronchi |
-2 primary
-left at right angle to prevent total blockage |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:13:10 GMT |
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| trachea |
-supported by cartilidge rings
-not continuous |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:05:41 GMT |
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| airway path |
-nasal cavitiy
-oral cavity
-pharnxy
-epiglottis (flap over glottis)
-glottis
-larnyx
-trachea
-bronchi |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:05:53 GMT |
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| phrenic nerve |
-controls respiration rate controlled by medulla via phrenic nerve
-ennervates the diaphragm
-C3-C5 |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 05:57:52 GMT |
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| lungs located... |
...in 2 separate pleural cavities in thorax |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 19:05:41 GMT |
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| epiglottis |
lid-like flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the root of the tongue |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 04:07:19 GMT |
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| larnyx |
led to by nasal, oral cavities and pharnyx
-epigolttis is flap over glottis opening of larnyx
-contains the vocal cords |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 06:07:00 GMT |
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| lung anatomy |
-located in 2 separate pleural cavities
-diaphragm drive system
-respiration rate controlled by medulla via phrenic nerve
-huge capillary beds for gas exchange |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 04:07:18 GMT |
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| cellular |
using O2 to burn sugars, metabolites |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 03:39:41 GMT |
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| internal |
gas exchange from peripheral capillaries to surrounding tissues |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 03:39:41 GMT |
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| external |
gas exchange from alvoli to surrounding capillaries |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 03:39:41 GMT |
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| pulmonary |
air mvt into and out of lungs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 03:39:41 GMT |
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| 4 forms of respiration |
pulmonary
external
internal
cellular |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 03:39:41 GMT |
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| respiratory system functions |
-gas exchange
-waste removal
-acid base balance
-temp/water balance |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 03:39:41 GMT |
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