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| mast cells |
vasodilation
reactive hyperemia |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 08:17:38 GMT |
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| beta receptos |
-greater affinity for E
B1: stimulates heart contractility and rate, kidney, fat lyposis
B2: inhibits (relaxes) smooth muscle in lungs, heart, skeletal muscles |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:30:36 GMT |
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| alpha receptors |
-greater affinity for NE
a1: stimulates contraction of smooth muscle
a2: same + inhibition of preganglionic nerve endings |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:30:36 GMT |
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| treatment of high blood pressure |
-diuretics
-beta blockers (B1 receptor)
-calcium chanel blockers (prevent contraction of smooth muscles)
-ACE inhibitors (angio cycle) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:30:36 GMT |
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| lymphatic system |
-excess tissue fluid and proteins that accumulate can be shunted back into circulation via lymphatic system |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:27:24 GMT |
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| net filtration eq |
net filtration rate=
K[(Pc-Pi)-(pi c- pi i)]
-arterial side tend to froce blood out
-venous side tend to reabsorb
-summation of both arterial and venous yields net outward force |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:25:03 GMT |
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| pi i |
-oncotic pressure of intersitial fluid proteins
-filtration force
-froces fluid out of capillary |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:25:03 GMT |
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| osmotic pressure (oncotic?) |
-determined by solute concentration of a compartment
-main diff b/w plasma and interstial fluid is due to proteins
-proteins in plasma, not intersitial |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:20:28 GMT |
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| pi c |
-determined by solute concentration of a compartment
-oncotic pressure of capillary plasma proteins
-reabsorption force
-tends to force fluid into capillaries |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:20:28 GMT |
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| Pi |
-hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid
-0 or filtration force
-weak
-0 to negative in value
-always directed out
-essentially 0 |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:20:28 GMT |
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| Pc |
-hydrostatic pressure in capillary
-(filtration force)
-varies
-primary outward force
-tends to force fluid out of capillary
-decreases along pathway
-higher at arterial end |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:20:28 GMT |
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| 4 starling forces |
1. Pc= hydrostatic pressure in capillary
2. Pi= hydrostatic pressure of interstial fluid
3. pi c= oncotic pressure of capillary plasma protein
4. pi i= oncotic pressure of interstial fluid proteins
-determine fluid mvt in capillaries
-most capillaries show net filtration at arterial end and net reabsorption at venous end |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 20:08:20 GMT |
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| effect of temp |
increase: vasodilation
decrease: vasoconstriction |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:54:12 GMT |
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| chemoreceptors |
-more important at lower pressures, at tissue supply level vasodilation
-increase pCO2--> H+
-decreases pH
-decreases pO2 (less important) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:54:12 GMT |
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| reactive hyperemia |
-mast cells
-tissues produce vasoactive compounds Histamine, bradykinins
-occurs in response to increase in blood flow to an organ after being occluded.
-shortage of oxygen
-build-up of metabolic waste |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 08:15:22 GMT |
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| active hyperemia |
-metabolic demand of tissue causes vasodilation (skeletal muscle, digestive tract)
-increased blood flow that occurs when tissue is active
-blood vessels compensate for active metabolism by dilatation
-allows more blood to reach the tissue.
-prevents deprivation
-ex: erections and nitric oxide |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 07:57:59 GMT |
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| metabolic theory |
-tissues produce vasaodilators
-decrease flow, vasodilators accumulate
-increase flow, vasodilators wash away
-local control of arteriole resistance
-individual tissues regulate own blood supply
-local regulation accomplished by paracrines |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:50:50 GMT |
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| myogenic theory |
-smooth muscle's reaction to stretch is contraction
-as BP increases, vessels contract
-autoregulates |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:39:11 GMT |
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| autoregulation of blood flow |
1. myogenic theory
2. metabolic theory
-vascular muscle has ability to regulate own state of contraction |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:44:02 GMT |
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| prostaglanin role |
prostacyclin: endothelial wall; decreases platelet aggregation; vasodilator
thromboxane: increase platelet clot aggregation
aspirin: general COX inhibitor; prevents clotting |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 00:48:34 GMT |
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide/factor |
-released by increase in stretch in atrial wall (increased BP)
-vasodilation
-increases kidney Na+, water secretion
-opposite of aldosterone
-hormone |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:39:11 GMT |
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| epinephrin |
-dilator in heart, liver, skeletal muscles
-B2 receptors |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:26:24 GMT |
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| histimine |
-vasodilation
-allergic reactions |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:26:24 GMT |
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| bradykinin |
-peptide that causes blood vessels to enlarge
-blood pressure to lower
-endothelium-dependent
-pain |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:26:24 GMT |
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| EDRF |
-endothelium-derived relaxing factor
-NO
-via cGMP
-arginine is NO precursor
-relaxes vascular smooth muscle
-nitroglycerine action
-erection/Viagra |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:20:54 GMT |
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| endothelins |
-potent vasoconstrictor
-local effects
-proteins that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:20:54 GMT |
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| ADH |
-anti diuretic hormone
-vasopressin: peptide hormone (stored in the posterior pituitary to be released into the blood stream) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:20:54 GMT |
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| vasodilators |
EDRF: NO
bradykinin
kistamine
Epinephrine
atrial natriuretic peptide/factor
protaglanin |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:16:17 GMT |
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| vasocontrictors |
NE- sympathetic
ADH- vasopressin
renal hormone cascade
endothelins |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:16:17 GMT |
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| hormones |
- |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:16:17 GMT |
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| Val Salva maneuver |
-contract abs against closed glottis (Victorian women in corsetts) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:13:53 GMT |
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| thorasic pump inhalation |
-negative pressure
-mvt of thorax while breathing in
-when inhaling, thoracic cavity expands
-subatm pressure
-decreases pressure in inferior vena cava in thorax (it expands)
-draws blood into vena cava |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:13:53 GMT |
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| skeletal muslce pump |
-when muscles (like in calf) contract, they compress the vein
-force blood upward past valves |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:13:53 GMT |
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| venous valves |
-venous system at low pressure
-collapse of valves results in varicose veins
-one-way
-blood passing can't flow backwards
-pushed along by continuous mvt of cappillaries |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:13:53 GMT |
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| frank starling law |
-venous return is major determining factor of CO
-aka heart pumps what it receives |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:03:55 GMT |
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| venous return |
Frank starling law
3 factors:
1. venous valves
2. skeletal mucle as pump
3. throasic pump inhalation |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:03:55 GMT |
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| renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
-liver constantly produces angiotensinogen in plasma
-JG apparatus decrease in renal BP
-granular kidney cells produce renin
-acts on angiotensinogen already in system from liver
-ANG I = enzyme
-ANG II = vasoconstrictor
-triggers aldosterone release from adrenal cortex
-increase Na+ reabsorption
-increase water reabsorption in distal tubule
-increase blood volume and pressure
-angiotensin III = vasoconstrictor
pg. 655 |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:03:55 GMT |
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| renal BP control |
-important for long term reg
-renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 19:03:55 GMT |
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| orthostatic hypotension |
-pressure compensation from laying to standing
-low blood pressure that occurs when going from laying down to standing up |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:52:46 GMT |
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| vagal center |
-vagus nerve
-carries sensory info and efferent signals to many internal organs, including the heart |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:52:46 GMT |
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| carotid sinus |
-contains numerous baroreceptors
-"sampling area" for maintaining blood pressure
-internal carotide artery in throat |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:48:54 GMT |
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| baroreceptors |
-most important short term regulator
-rapid
-carotid sinus
-aorta operates at higher pressure
-increase BP, increase receptor firing rate
-excites vagal centers (decreased HR)
-inhibits medullary vasoconstriction centers
-not good at long term BP reg because receptors reset after several days to prevailing BPs
-orthostatic hypotension |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:48:54 GMT |
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| vasoconstriction |
-mst important flow regulator
-restricts flow to non-essential organs |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:48:54 GMT |
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| medullary ischemia |
-O2 starved brain can increase BP |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:48:54 GMT |
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| parasympathetic ANS control of BP |
-decrease HR via vagus nerve
-ACh
-no effect on contraction
-ACh is a vasodilator but not a force in BP regulation |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:39:41 GMT |
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| Sympathetic ANS control of BP |
-increases HR
-increases force of contraction
-alpha receptors: vaso constrict w/ NE
???????????? |
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mcs5109 Sat, 15 Nov 2008 08:03:46 GMT |
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| ANS control of BP |
-vasomotor center/baroreceptors linked to medulla
-sym
-para
-medullary ischemia |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:39:41 GMT |
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| blood pressure regulators |
1. ANS
2. baroreceptors
3. renal
4. venous return
5. hormones
6. autoregulation
7. chemoreceptors
8. temp |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:39:41 GMT |
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| Bernoulli principle |
-lower pressure in small diameter tube w/ faster velocity
-but, capillaries have slowest flow b/c of huge total area
-fastest flow in small-diameter arterial system |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:32:20 GMT |
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| Batista Procedure |
-remove part of ventricular wall in enlarged heart, reduce r, less tension needed to maintain BP |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:32:20 GMT |
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| Law of Laplace |
pressure= (wall tension)/radius |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 18:32:20 GMT |
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| 3 types of capillaries |
1. continuous: leaky junctions, muscle, brain, connective tissue
-blood/brain barrier has tight junctions
2. fenestrated: large pores to help volume exchange between plasma and interstilial (kidney, intestines)
3. sinusoid: (not a capillary) 5x wider, fenestrations (liver) |
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mcs5109 Sun, 16 Nov 2008 01:00:01 GMT |
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| shunting |
1. liver, digestive tract
2. skeletal muscle
3. kidneys |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:03:58 GMT |
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| capillaries |
-exchange vessels
-O2, nutrients, CO2, hormones
-5L of blood, but 8-10L of capillary space
-football field surface area |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:03:58 GMT |
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| venules and veins |
-capacitance vessels
-volume storage
-54% of blood in venous system |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:59:26 GMT |
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| arterioles |
-main site of variable resistance to blood flow
-contribute to 60% of total resistance
-variable b/c of huge amts of smooth muscle
-changes radius readily |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:59:26 GMT |
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| Total peripheral resistance |
MAP= CO x TPR |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:59:26 GMT |
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| heart flow |
-MAP/resistance
-resistance= 1/radius^4
-aka MAP x radius^4 |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:59:26 GMT |
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| Mean arterial pressure |
-represents driving pressure for blood flow
-1/3(pulse pressure) + diastolic pressure
-1/3[2(Diastolic+ Systolic)] |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:52:53 GMT |
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| pulse pressure |
systolic-diastolic
-measure of strength of the pressure wave |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:36:18 GMT |
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| sound of Korotkoff |
-pressure where Korotkoff sound is 1st heard is highest pressure in artery
-when it disappears, lowest pressure in artery
-systolic/diastolic |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:28:18 GMT |
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| angioplasty |
-balloon tube passed into coronary artery is inflated to open up the blockage |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:12:43 GMT |
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| coronary bypass |
-veins from other parts of the body are grafted onto the heart arteries to provide bypass channels around blocked regions |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:12:43 GMT |
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| angina pectoris |
heart pain that results from constricted blood vessels |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:12:43 GMT |
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| atherosclerosis |
-hardening of the arteries
-fatty deposits form inside arterial blood vessels
-elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides also cause it |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:12:43 GMT |
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| Fick Principle |
-measures cardiac output in living subjects
-application of law of conservation of mass
-estimated w/ O2 consumption, with arterial pulmonary and venous values for O2
CO= (O2 consumed in mL/min)/(O2arterial-O2venous)
CO= (mg dye injected x 60 sec)/(avg dye [] (mg/L) x duration of curve in sec) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:00:40 GMT |
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| Ca++ channel blockers |
-Verapamil
-smooth muscle antagonist
-dilates smooth muscle
-lowers BP (afterload)
-Ca++ channels in smooth muscle of blood vessels
-block Ca++, dilates blood vessels
-treats hypertension and angina |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 07:00:40 GMT |
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| nitroglycerine |
-cardiac vasodilator
-used to treat angina (heart pain from constricted blood vessels) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:19:01 GMT |
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| digitalis |
-enhances intracellular Ca++ entry
-enhances contracility
-slows Ca++ removal from cytosol
-does not occur w/o drug |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:19:01 GMT |
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| volume balance b/w ventricles |
-left heart failure: congestive fluid in liquids
-right heart failure: leads to endema in tissues |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:19:01 GMT |
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| if heart rate >170... |
...decreases cardiac output due to insufficient filling time |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:19:01 GMT |
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| max HR |
220-age |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:02:41 GMT |
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| how to decrease heart rate? |
-parasymapthetic inhibits
-block nerves that slow heart rate
-atropine blocks ACh |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:02:41 GMT |
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| how to increase heart rate? |
-smpathetic stimmulates
-E, NE |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:02:40 GMT |
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| chronotropes |
-may change the heart rate by affecting the nerves controlling the heart
-sympathetic stimulates (E, NE)
-parasympathetic inhibits (vagus nerv via ACh; atropine blocks ACh) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 06:02:40 GMT |
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| muscle length in heart |
-resting heart muscle shorter than optimal
-increase end disatolic volume, increase muscle to optimal length |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:57:29 GMT |
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| Heart contractility info |
-a muscle can stay at 1 length and still increase contractility
-increasing sarcomere length makes cardiac muscles more sensitive to Ca++, linking contractility to muscle length |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:57:29 GMT |
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| Digitalis |
-increase Ca++ flow
-enhance contracility
-positive inotropic effect |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:26:29 GMT |
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| positive inotropes |
1. increase Ca++ flow (Digitalis)
2. increase cAMP (Ca++ channels via epinephrine, caffeine) |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:25:32 GMT |
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| positive inotropes |
-a chemical that increases force of contraction in heart |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:25:32 GMT |
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| Ejection fraction |
(stroke volume)/(EDV) x100%
normally 60-70%
pg. 493 |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:25:32 GMT |
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| Frank Starling Law |
-heart has intrinsic ability to change SV in response to input (venous return)
-aka "heart pumps what it receives" |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 05:25:32 GMT |
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| stroke volume |
end diastolic volume- end stroke volume |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 04:50:31 GMT |
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| cardiac output formula |
cardiac output= heart rate x stroke volume |
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mcs5109 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 04:50:31 GMT |
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