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| Ligands |
Any molecule that binds to the receptor site of another molecule |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 20:50:48 GMT |
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| Transport |
Passive Transport:
Movement down a concentration gradient. Requires no energy.
-Unfacilitated Diffusion through bilayer
-Facilitated Diffusion through proteins
Active Transport
Always requires energy, moves molecules concentration gradient.
-Transport proteins
- Cotransport some
-Exo + Endocytosis |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 20:50:48 GMT |
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| Membrane Protein Functions |
1. Cell communication with outside world
2. Transportation
3. Enzyme action
4. Cell junctions
5. Attaching to cytoskeleton and/or extracellular matrix
6. Cell-cell recognition |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 20:50:48 GMT |
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| Cell Membrane |
Outer: Extracellular matrix
-Carb fibers attached to surface/proteins.
Memb: Bilipid plasma memb. + Integral prot (including transmemb prots)
Interior: Integral prots connected to periphery prots or microfiliments. |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:45:31 GMT |
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| Cell Junctions |
Tight Junction -- Holds cells to each other, no leakage, around entire cell in band
Desmosomes -- Form strong sheets of cells, reenforced by interfils
Gap Junctions - Channels betw. animal cells (like plasmadesmata in plants) |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Microfilaments |
Made of 2 twisted actin strands
Solid
small
Helps shape changes in cell
-Division
-Cytoplasm streaming
-Microvili
-Communication from outside
-Muscle contraction+psuedopodia mvt. w/ microfils+myosin |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Inntermediate Filaments |
Made of keratins
Bear tension, det. cell shape
Fix organelle positions
variable in size
Coils in coils |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Microtubules |
Made of 13 columns of tubulin dimers (one alpha and one beta tubulin mol.)
Hollow
Made by centrisome, arranged into centrioles (9 groups of 3)
Make chromosomes divide in cell reproduction
Use dynein arms and 9+2 (9 coupled mictubs + 2 cental mictubs) arrangement to move flagella + cilia |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Cytoskeleton |
Cell structure + communication
Fibers+motomolecules
Microtubules+dynein
Intermediate Filaments (no motormol)
Microfilements+myosin |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Peroxisomes |
Makes and breaks down H2O2
Makes H2O2 by
-Breaking down fatty acids (for mito fuel)
-Breaking down toxins
Breaks H2O2
-into H2O + O
Memb. from cytosol ribosomes |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Chloroplasts |
Plastid family (amyloplasts, chromoplasts)
Lens shaped, two memb.
Thylakoid -- granule stacks
Reproduces on own, moves about cell
Stroma = non-thylakoid space, inc. DNA, ribosomes, enzymes |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Mitochondria |
Cell respiration, ATP creation
Two memb, inner is folded for more prot. production
Reproduces on its own
Mitochondria matrix = interior, includes DNA, enzymes, ribsomes |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 16:16:15 GMT |
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| Energy Transformers |
Mitochondria, chloroplasts |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Vacuoles |
Multi-use
Stores food
Moves water
In plants:
-tonoplast memb
-one big vac
-store toxic mat. to deter animals
-store pigment
-important for cell growth |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Lysosome |
Digests molecules
Low pH
Multiple per cell
Phagocytosis -- digesting smaller organelles
Autophagy -- All lysosomes break at same time to destroy cell. |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Golgi Apparatus |
Finishes RER prot.
Cisternae not connected
Diff cisternae have diff enzymes
Varies oligosaccharides attached to proteins
Makes some polysaccs
Lumen = cisternae interior
Prot. enter cyst side (close to RER), leave trans side (via transport vesicles) |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Smooth ER |
Produces lipids
Metabolizes carbs (liver)
Detoxification
Can trigger muscle contraction
Connected to RER |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Rough ER |
ER+Ribosomes
Synthesizes membrane and exported proteins
Connected to nucleus
Sends prot. to golgi app.
Inserts memb. prots. into its memb.
Folds prot (in cisternae) made by ribosomes. |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Nucleus |
Nucleolus -- middle, creates ribosome subunits.
Chromatin -- Fibers w/ DNA and protein, become chromosomes in reproduction. Nucleus makes mRNA.
Lamina -- structure fibers |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Endomembrane System |
Nucleus, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus (cyst side to trans side), Vesicles --> lysosome, vacuoles or cell membrane |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Animal Cells v. Plant Cells |
Animal Cells:
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Flagella (mostly)
Plant Cells:
Cell Wall
Central Vacoule+tonoplast
Plasmadesmata
Chloroplasts |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Cell Fractionation |
Seperates cells into diff. organelles
1. Homogenization (initial break down)
2. Centerfuge organelle seperation
3. Det. proteins contained in organelle, use microscope to fig out which organelle. |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Scanning Elect. microscopy |
Cells coated in gold
Kills cell
Detailed 3-D photo |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Transmission electron microscopy |
Cells coated w/ heavy metals
Kills cell
Flat picture |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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| Light Microscopy |
Mag max 1000X
View of cell, not organelles |
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zeetrit Sun, 23 Oct 2011 15:46:45 GMT |
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