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| embolus |
-clot that migrates |
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mcs5109 Wed, 22 Oct 2008 02:24:37 GMT |
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| streptokinase |
-from hemolytic streptococci
-works by activating plasminogen through cleavage to produce plasmin |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:18 GMT |
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| t-PA |
-activates plasmin, from vascular epithelium
-Tissue plasminogen activator |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:18 GMT |
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| siliconized glass |
-prevents platelet response |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:17 GMT |
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| Warfarin/coumarin |
-competes at liver w/ Vit. K
-Vit K normally synthesized in GI by bacteria
-Vit K essential for prothrombin, VII, IX, X formation |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:17 GMT |
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| Ca+2 chelators |
-Na citrate
-pulls Ca+2 out of sol'n |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:17 GMT |
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| 2 anticoagulants made by body |
-heparin activates antithrombin III
-block active factors |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:17 GMT |
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| anticoagulants |
-2 ways to limit blood clotting:
1. inhibit platelet adhesion
2. inhibit coagulation cascade and fibrin production |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 06:07:17 GMT |
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| hemophiliacs |
-lack VIII to make active XIII |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:52:23 GMT |
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| intrinsic pathway |
-damage to blood
-collogen or wettable surface activate XII
-XI
-IX
-VIII
-activates X, V, Ca+2 to trigger protheombin cascade |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:52:23 GMT |
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| extrinsic pathway |
-caused by damage to tissue
-activates VII
-activates X, V, Ca+2 to trigger protheombin cascade |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:52:23 GMT |
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| plasmin |
-breaks down fibrin polymers into fibrin fragments
- |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:44:10 GMT |
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| XIII |
-also activates plasminogen to plasmin, dissolves fibrin clot |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:44:10 GMT |
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| common pathway |
-prothrombin converted to thrombin by X, Ca+2
-converts fibrinogen to fibrin
-stabilized by XIII (plasminogen to plasmin) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:44:10 GMT |
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| fibrin mechanism |
-coagulation can be started by intrinsic, extrinsic process
-converge to common pathway to convert fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin polymers |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:44:10 GMT |
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| damage to vessel cascade |
-exposed endothelial cell elements and collogen activate platelets
-platelets adhere to collogen
-platelets release thromboxanes
-vasoconstrict and platelet aggregation and adhere
-converts fibrogen to fibrin |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:36:44 GMT |
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| blood clotting |
1. vasoconstriction
2. temporary blockage of break by platelet plug
3. blood coagulation |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:36:44 GMT |
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| thrombus |
-stationary clot
-adheres to undamged wall of blood vessel
- |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:36:44 GMT |
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| platelets |
-form from megakaryotcytes
-lack nuclei
-cell fragments that have split off large parent cell known as megakaryocyte (undergo mitosis w/o cytoplasmic split; polyploid)
-have some organelles
-always present in blood, but not active unless damage has occurred to walls of circulatory system |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:36:44 GMT |
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| granulocytes |
-neutrophils (60-70%) phagocytic, engulf and ingest foreign particles; most numerous, 1st line of defense
-eosinophils (2-4%): antihistimine; parasite defense
Basophils (<1%): produce histamine/ allergic response; least numerous
-all contain cytoplasmic inclusions that give them a granular appearance |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:26:15 GMT |
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| agranulocytes |
-lymphocytes (20-25%)
-B cells: plasma cell; secretes ABs
-T cells: helper/killer cells
Monocytes (3-8%)
-phagocytic; clean up neutrophil debris; engulf and ingest foreign particles |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:26:15 GMT |
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| leukocytes |
-5-9,000/mL
-agranulocytes
-granulocytes |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:26:15 GMT |
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| leukemia |
-cancer resulting in too many WBCs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:26:15 GMT |
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| polycythemia/blood doping |
-stem cell disorder that produces too many blood cells, as well as red
-blood becomes more viscous and more resistant to flowing |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:14:10 GMT |
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| from liver to bones for RBCs |
-eat Fe
-Kuppfner cells in liver break down RBCs
-turn into Fe and bilirubin
-bilirubin binds to Albumin and carried to liver
-metabolized and incorporated into bile |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:11:55 GMT |
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| RBCs last... |
...120 days
-get older, more fragile
-rupture as try to squeeze through narrow capillaries
-engulfed by scavenging macrophages |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:06:05 GMT |
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| ferritin |
-protein where rest of excess Fe is stored in liver |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:06:05 GMT |
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| transferritin |
-carrier protein carries Fe from liver to bone for RBCs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:06:05 GMT |
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| hemoglobin |
-2/3's of body iron
-rest stored in liver as ferritin
-transferritin protein carries Fe from liver to bone for RBCs
-4 globular proteins
-centered around Fe-containing heme group |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:06:05 GMT |
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| erythrocytes |
-5 million/mL
-hemotocrit: ratio of RBCs to plasma; expressed as %; centrifuge (37-54% for women and men)
-reticulocyte: final immature RBC leaves marrow and enters circulation; mature into RBC in 24 hrs; nucleus exocytosed and internal organelles disappear
-lack nuceli: bags of enzymes and hemoglobin; can't make new enzymes or renew themselves
-biconcave
-live 4 months |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 05:02:53 GMT |
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| formed elements in blood |
-45% of blood volume
-RBCs
-WBCs
-platelets |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 04:29:57 GMT |
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| plasma |
-majority water
-ions (mostly Na+)
-oncotic pressure |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 01:59:46 GMT |
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| plasma proteins |
albumins: most prevalent; regulating blood volume by maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood compartment; carriers for various substances
globulins: clotting factors, enzymes, ABs, carriers for various substances
fibrinogen: clotting factors; form fibrin threads
-most made by liver |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 02:27:37 GMT |
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| serum |
-plasma with clotting factors removed |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 01:59:46 GMT |
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| blood |
-5.5L
-8% body weight
-55% plasma
-majority is water |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 01:54:13 GMT |
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| blood and hematopoetic tissue |
-classified as special connective tissue
-functions:
1. gas exchange
2. pH regulation
3. electrlyte balance
4. nutrient transport
5. hormone transport
6. thermoregulation
7. immune system |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 01:54:13 GMT |
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| extracellular fluid |
-20% total body weight (14 L)
-15% interstitial fluid (11L) (small weird compartments, pericarium, CFS, eye)
-5% plasma (3L) (blood) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 01:54:13 GMT |
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| body fluid |
-60% of body weight
-(40% intracellular fluid; 20% extracellular fluid) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 01:54:13 GMT |
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