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| membraneous labyrinth |
-endolymph!!
-cochlear ducts, semicircular ducts, utricle/saccule
-Within the osseous vestibule, the membranous labyrinth does not quite preserve the form of the bony cavity |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 20:47:33 GMT |
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| osseous labyrinth |
-cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule (which contains U and S)
-all perilymph
-The bony labyrinth, or osseous labyrinth, is the network of passages with bony walls
-lined with the membranous labyrinth
-layer of perilymph between them |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 20:48:27 GMT |
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| vestibular apparatus |
is the nonauditory portion of the inner ear |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 17:39:43 GMT |
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| caloric stimulation |
-cold or hot water in ear canal
-convection moves endolymph
-nystagmus reflex generated w/o spinning |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:33:07 GMT |
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| nystagmus reflex |
-rotate body
-stop
-eyes move opposite direction
-horizonatal or vertical
-depends on head position
-eye jumps quickly to centered position |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:33:07 GMT |
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| deafness |
conduction: problem w/ sound vibration (fused ear bones, ruptured ear drum, ear wax)
nerve: damage to hair cells or cochlear nerve |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:33:07 GMT |
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| motion sickness |
-utricle/saccule vs. conflicting visual signals |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:29:54 GMT |
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| otoliths |
-mineral and protein particles called otoliths are embedded on macula |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:29:54 GMT |
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| macula |
sensory receptors of utricle/saccule
-mineral and protein particles called otoliths are embedded on it |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:29:54 GMT |
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| utricle/saccule |
-contain Macula (hair cells) with otoliths
-gravity/acceleration forces cause depolarization in those properly orientated
-vestibular portion of VIII |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:29:54 GMT |
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| -ampullaris swelling |
: large chamber that contains gelantinous cristae
-contain hair cells
-as head moves, fluid flows in oppisite direction due to inertia
-one side depolarized
other ide hyperpolarized
-hairs synapse on vestibular branch of VIII |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:26:08 GMT |
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| semicircular ducts |
-3 separates plants
-ampullaris swelling: large chamber that contains gelantinous cristae
-contain hair cells
-as head moves, fluid flows in oppisite direction due to inertia
-one side depolarized
other ide hyperpolarized
-hairs synapse on vestibular branch of VIII |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:26:08 GMT |
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| organ of corti |
-sits on basilar membrane
-partially covered by tectorial membrane |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:26:08 GMT |
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| ossicles |
-three smallest bones in the human body |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:26:08 GMT |
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| how to hear via hair |
-K+ moves into hair duct
-depolarization
-Ca++ moves in
-neurtransmitter released
-stimulates Audiotry nerve VIII |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:16:38 GMT |
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| sound waves |
-deformation of Reissner's and Basilar's membranes
-if hair bent in 1 direction, hyperpolarize
-in other direction, depolarize
-apex of hair exposed to endolymph
-base of hair exposed to perilymph |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:16:38 GMT |
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| hair cells |
-inner: 3500
905 innervation
sound transduction
-outer: 16500
10% innervation
alter characteristics of basilar membrane |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:16:38 GMT |
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| cochlear duct |
-inside cochlea
-contain 100s organ of Corti for signal transduction
-tetorial membrane
-hair cells (20,000) |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:16:38 GMT |
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| membraneous labyrinth |
-filled with endolymph
-high K+
-3 parts: cochler duct, semicircular ducts, utricle/saccule |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| vestibule |
-perilymph
-contain utricle and saccule |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| semicircular canals |
-perilymph
-contain semicircular ducts
-connect to the utricl at their bases
-orietned at right angles
-horzontal, posterior, superior |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| helicotremma: |
long basilar membrane; low tension; low frequency sound
-connects 2 ducts at end of cochlea
-small tip
-if stuff goes to the helicotremma, it's low frequency b/c ong soundwaves |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| -scala tympani |
(w/ round window) (basilar membrane b/c base on bottom) |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| -scala vestibuli |
(w/ oval window) (Reissner's membrane) |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| cochlea |
-perilymph (fluid)
-uncoiled, teh cochlea can be seen as 3 long, fluid-filled channels:
-scala vestibuli (w/ oval window) (Reissner's membrane)
-scala tympani (w/ round window) (basilar membrane b/c base on bottom)
-both membranes deform w/ sound waves
-base: shorter basilar membrane; high tension; high frequency sound
helicotremma: long basilar membrane; low tension; low frequency sound |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| osseous labyrinth |
-contains cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule |
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mcs5109 Sun, 19 Oct 2008 05:06:48 GMT |
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| Osseous Labyrinth |
-bony canals
-filled with parilymph (similar to CSF, also extracellular fluid)
-contains cochlea, semicircular canals, vastibule
-also contains membraneous labyrinth |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 06:20:48 GMT |
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| inner ear |
-ennervated by cranial nerve VIII
-osseous and membraneous labyrinths |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:19:42 GMT |
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| stapedius |
-pulls stapes away from oval window
-protects ear from loud sounds |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:05:17 GMT |
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| tensor tympani muscle |
-pulls malleus away from tympanic membrane
-protects ear from loud sounds |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:05:17 GMT |
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| round window |
-separates fluid-filled cochlea from air-filled middle ear |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:05:17 GMT |
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| oval window |
-attached to stapes
-separates fluid-filled cochlea from air-filled middle ear |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:05:17 GMT |
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| stapes |
-stirrup
-attached to thin membrane that separates middle ear from inner ear
-attached to oval window |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:01:52 GMT |
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| incus |
-anvil
-middle bone |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:00:05 GMT |
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| malleus |
-hammer
-attached to tympanic membrane |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:00:05 GMT |
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| 3 bones of middle ear |
-malleus
-incus
-stapes |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 05:00:04 GMT |
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| eustachian tube |
-pressure equalization
-normally collapsed to seal off middle ear
-opens transiently to allow ear pressure to equilibriate with atm pressure during chewing, swallowing, yawning
-cols/infections can close it up resulting in fluid buildup of middle ear (ear infection if bacteria get in) |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:56:47 GMT |
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| middle ear |
-malleus
-incus
-stapes
-tensor tympanic muslce
-stapedius
eustachian tubes
-oval window
-round window |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:56:47 GMT |
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| tympanic membrane |
-ear drum
-sound wave transducer
-seals ear canal
-thin membranous sheet of tissue
-separates external from middle ear |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:56:47 GMT |
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| ear canal or auditory canal |
-cartilage and bone
-sealed at internal end by tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:56:47 GMT |
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| pinna |
-important accessory structure
-visible part of the ear
-directs sound waves to ear
-for localization of sound waves |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:47:52 GMT |
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| external ear |
-auricle or pinna
-ear canal
-tympanic membrane |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:47:52 GMT |
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| sound |
-frequency in Hz
-humans: 50-18,000 cycles/sec
-dogs: up to 20,000 cycles/sec
-bats: up to 100,000 cycles/sec
-loudness= intensity (amplitude) measured in decibels (log scale) |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:47:52 GMT |
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| ear |
-for hearing and equilibrium
-external, middle, and inner ear
-mechano and proprioreceptors |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:47:52 GMT |
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| photoreceptors |
sight |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:27:10 GMT |
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| proprioreceptors |
-position of muscles, joints
-awareness of body movements and position in space
-close your eyes and raise your hand, you know your hand is raised |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:32:35 GMT |
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| thermoreceptors |
-temp |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:27:10 GMT |
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| mechanoreceptors |
-touch, blood pressure, hearing, equilibrium
-respond to various forms of mechanical energy
-hearing, gravity, acceleration, |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:38:43 GMT |
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| chemoreceptors |
-taste, smell
-respond to chemical ligands that bind to the receptors |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:37:59 GMT |
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| receptor types |
-receptors in sensory system vary widely in complexity
-special senses have highly specialized receptors
-smell receptors= neurons
-other four are non-neuron receptors
-when activated, release neurotransmitter to initiate AP in sensory neuron
-chemo
-mechano
-thermo
-proprio
-photo |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:37:34 GMT |
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| visceroreceptors |
sensory info about internal environment (blood vessels and viscera, pain, thirst, hunger, pressure, nausea) |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:27:10 GMT |
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| exteroreceptors |
sensory about external environment (hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch, temp, pain) |
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mcs5109 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:27:10 GMT |
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