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| Routine Activities and Individual Deviant Behavior (Osgood) |
--age is most dramatic determinant for criminal behavior
--lack of structure means more time for deviance
--presence of peers makes it easier and more rewarding to participate
--no authority figure reduces potential for social control |
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sterlina Fri, 17 Oct 2008 04:14:14 GMT |
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| Testing Control Theory and Differential Association (Matsueda) |
--study confirms differential association theory
--number of delinquent friends increases ones own delinquency
--older boys with modest SEC, broken homes, more perceived trouble in neighborhood: favorable definition of crime
--delinquent behavior reduced by parental supervision |
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sterlina Fri, 17 Oct 2008 04:14:14 GMT |
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| Inequality and Crime (Kelly) |
--violent crime is strongly affected by inequality
--income inequality correlated with poverty and percent of female headed families
--violent crime not much affected by police activity or poverty,
--violent crime affected by income and education inequality
--property crime not impacted by inequality
--fatherless families most important single predictor
--property crime goes up with higher population |
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sterlina Fri, 17 Oct 2008 04:14:14 GMT |
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| Self-Control and Criminal Opportunity (Longshore) |
--low self control positively correlated with property and personal crime |
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sterlina Fri, 17 Oct 2008 04:14:14 GMT |
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| Low Self-Control |
--impulsive
--lack diligence, tenacity, persistence
--risk-seeking
--physical activity over contemplation
--indifferent, insensitive
--low tolerance for frustration |
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sterlina Fri, 17 Oct 2008 04:14:14 GMT |
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| Post Industrial Society |
--we are past industrial society, so Marxist categories of stratification are not the main basis for class stratification
--technical knowledge and expertise are the new dividing factor (dominance of service sector) |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 21:55:41 GMT |
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| Davis-Moore's Thesis |
--functionalist explanation; everything in socieity is interdependent (consensus model)
--we need division of labor and specialization, as well as different degrees of skill
--people would want to have occupations with the least skill required, so there is an inequality of reward for those people |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 21:55:41 GMT |
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| Social Disorganization Theory |
--organized community: lower likelihood you will commit crime (sense of solidarity with community)
--age distribution: greater population of youth in a community increases rate of crime
--unity in community: involved in society, strong schools, families, higher incomes |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:58:36 GMT |
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| Self Control Theory |
--crime as product of abnormal psychological state, stress, absolutely irrational
--lack of self-control
--pursuit of short term interest vs. long term interest |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:58:36 GMT |
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| Utilitarian Theory |
--crime is a response to the pursuit of self-interest
--if the punishment for a crime is high, people will commit less crime but if they think they can get away, it's made rational to commit crime |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:58:36 GMT |
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| Cultural Theory |
--changing patterns of norms and values of society in different cultural groups
--the values of personal self, freedom, and individualization lead to the decline of the traditional group conception of society in which you are in some way responsible to that society |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:58:36 GMT |
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| Differential Association Theory (Sutherland) |
--people learn to act in a criminal fashion of the group they socialize with glorify crime
--learn to be proud of crime if those around you encourage it |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:53:17 GMT |
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| Social Control Theory (Hirschi) |
--Why do many people choose not to commit crime?
--subject to cocntrol mechanisms of society, become part of a group to which they are commited and from which they get values
--young people aren't clearly invested in any sort of group: susceptible to crime |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:53:17 GMT |
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| Labeling Theory |
--the only different between a criminal act and a non-criminal is that a criminal act is labeled that way
--criminals commit crime because they have been labeled as criminals |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:53:17 GMT |
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| Strain Theory (Merton) |
--society defines particular goals and means for people
--making money is supreme goal of American society
--when access to legitimate means are distributed unequally, ppl with little access turn to illigitimate means and crime to meet this societal goal
--crime is product of social inequalities
--doesn't fit trend of white-collar crime or other trends in the US |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:53:17 GMT |
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| Life Cycle Theory |
--we learn by taking on different roles in different stages of life
--we become more flexible as we assume new roles, and this is how we learn
--different societies and culture have different trajectories of these roles |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:47:20 GMT |
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| Mead's Theory |
--called symbolic interactionism
--stage based learning: play, game, generalized other
--emergence of a personality/self depends on the creation of an "I-Me" structure
--thinking is an internalized conversation
--We are not just products of society (me) nor are we purely "I" without influence of society |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:47:20 GMT |
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| Piaget's Theory |
--stage based learning
--structure of perception goes through stages, we understand the world differently in every stage |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Freudianism: |
--stage-based learning, not incremental
--id (I): system of gratification, primitive desires
--ego: realm of experience that allows us to learn things, morality; balances id and superego
--superego: conscience, realm of values and normative orientation
--learn by going through oral, anal, and phalic stages
--identification as mechanism of learning |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Behaviorism |
--idea that a behavior followed by a reward is likely to be repeated, and vice versa
--this is how we learn language; gradual process during which conditioning is the key mechanism |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Socialization (Parsons) |
--individuals become members of larger and larger groups
--by becoming members, we learn to be socialized, starting with a small group and finally identifying with the larger society
--when this happens, the values of these groups are internalized
--personality to social organization to culture |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Institutionalization (Parsons) |
--the abstract notion of culture becomes more specific through social organization, which leads to specific personalities |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Norms |
--specific rules for performance of particular social roles; we engage in behaviors related to those roles
--different roles dominant in different situations |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Values |
--few in number, identify general patters of preference (what ought to be)
--equality, hard work, freedom, autonomy, community, etc. |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:28 GMT |
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| Culture (2 definitions) |
1. culture as opposed to nature: language, economy, state, religion, politics
2. culture as opposed to material structure/phenomenon; the way people think, their idea, values, religious views |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:43:27 GMT |
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| Freedom |
--Are we agents of our own actions or are they determined by other sources?
--Choice of religion: determined by your society, people claim certainty that other religions don't have |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:34:52 GMT |
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| Goffman (self) |
--all of our behaviors are forms of "acting out" as if we were always on stage
--there is no self behind our performances (presentation of self) |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:34:52 GMT |
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| Idea of Self |
--In psychology, they say that traits define a personality, people act in predictable ways
--Other view: no such thing as stable traits, people act in accordance with the situation |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:34:52 GMT |
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| Socialization |
--process by which individuals internalize norms and values of a society and become part of it
--failure of socialization leads to crime, which represents a negation of culture, norms, and values |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:34:52 GMT |
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| Realsim |
--society is real and objective, individuals do not exist
--people are essentially systems of personalities and products of the cultural group that they belong to |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:30:59 GMT |
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| Nominalism |
--the only thing that is real are individuals and their actions/characteristics |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:30:59 GMT |
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| Historic Idealism |
--the interpretation of reality determines events and actions in a society |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:29:49 GMT |
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| Historic Materialism |
--Social phenomena are expressions of economic factors
--Marx says everything is determined by the economic structure of society |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:29:49 GMT |
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| Hermeneutics |
--scientific method is inadequate in the study of society
--social phenomena are cultural phenomena, they are symbolic
--need to know meaning of phenomena (intentions, etc.)
--expression rather than causation |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:29:49 GMT |
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| Positivism |
--sociology can be studied on the basis of the scientific method
--establishing causal relations after careful observation |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:29:49 GMT |
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| Consensus Model (interests) |
--pursuing interests is mutually beneficial for both parties
--employer/employee relationship: both benefit because employee receives wages, employer receives labor |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:21:59 GMT |
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| Consensus Model |
--social relations are mutually beneficial
--Also called functional model
-- interests: mutually beneficial
--reality of classes: class is a relative concept
--state: represents collective interests of society
--order: dependent on shared values, normative orientation |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:25:41 GMT |
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| Conflict Model |
--social relations are inherently antagonistic
--interests are antagonistic
--reality of classes: classes are real
--state: represents interests of dominant class
--order: happens because of coersion and fear of punishment |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:24:03 GMT |
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| Parson's Theory |
--different social sciences represent different aggregations and complexities of social action
--rational optimization of utility (money) causes collision and conflict in society
--creation of state, social contract is the next level, give up some freedom for order
--cultural values turn individuals into citizens, see each other as "us" |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:16:34 GMT |
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| Simmel's concept |
--traces back to Kant (form vs. matter)
--sociology deals with the form of social interaction (leader/subject, etc. are general forms of interaction) |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:16:34 GMT |
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| Marxist Definition of Sociology |
--everything in society is an expression of various economic factors which determine every aspect of life
--this is called materialism
--specialization and fragmentation is illigitimate
--normative by its very nature |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:16:34 GMT |
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| Comte/Spencer Thesis |
--It's necessary to create a new science that compiles major findings of all specialized areas of knowledge
--combine those into a holistic conception of being
--supposed to be the religion of modernity |
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sterlina Wed, 15 Oct 2008 19:16:34 GMT |
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