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| Proactive interference |
Occurs when previously learned information disrupts ability to remember newer information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Retroactive interference |
Occurs when a previously learned information disrupts the ability to remember older information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Flashbulb Memory [definition] |
Events of extreme surprise and great personal consequence |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Implicit Memory [definition] |
Consists of memories that cannot be described verbally and which are not available to consciousness; movements, muscle memory |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Explicit Memory [definition] |
Consists of memories that can be described verbally |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Semantic Memory [definition] |
Conceptual information containing data, facts and other information such as vocabulary |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Episodic Memory [definition] |
Record of life experiences tied to particular contexts |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Mnemonics |
Conscious strategies designed to improve memory. Examples: loci, peg word and narrative stories or songs |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Broca's Area v. Wernicke's Area |
Broca's area associated with speech recognition and Wernicke's area associated with speech formation |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Conduction Aphasia |
An inability to remember worlds that are heard, even though the words are understood and responded to correctly. |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Chunking [definition] |
A method of grouping in working memory |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| What is the 7+/- 2 Rule? |
The ability to remember [short term] between 5 and 9 chunks, the average is 7. |
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dndinh Fri, 12 Mar 2010 00:09:30 GMT |
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| Recency Effects [definition] |
Tendency to recall later information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Primacy Effects [definition] |
Tendency to remember initial information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Retrieval [definition] |
Active process of locating and using stored information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Storage [definition] |
The process of maintaining information in memory |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Long Term Memory[definition] |
Memory in which information is represented on permanent or near permanent basis |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Working Memory [definition] |
Memory for new information and information retrieved from long term memory |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Short Term Memory [definition] |
Immediate memory for stimuli that have just been perceived. Limited in terms of capacity [72 chunks] and duration [less than 20 seconds] |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Echoic Memory [definition] |
Auditory sensory memory-- holds a sound clip of what you have just heard |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Iconic Memory [definition] |
Visual sensory memory-- holds an image of what you have seen |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Encoding |
Process by which sensory info is converted into a form that can be used by the brain's memory system |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Memory [definition] |
The cognitive process of encoding, storing and retrieving information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Perceptual Constancy [definition] |
Experience based on ability to recognize an object and certain of its characteristics---form, shape, color brightness-- as invariant despite the shifting retinal images it produces |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Convergence [definition] |
The result of conjugated eye movements whereby the fixation point for each eye is identical; feedback from these movements provides information about the distance of visual objects from the viewer |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Liner Perspective [definition] |
A monocular cue for depth perception, the arrangement of lines drawn in two dimensions such that parallel lines receding from the viewer are seen to converge at a point on the horizon |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Interposition [definition] |
A monocular cue for depth perception, an object partially blocks another object is perceived as closer |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Binocular Cue [definition] |
A cue for the perception of depth that requires the use of both eyes |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Top Down Processing [definition] |
Perception based on information provided by the context in which a particular stimulus is encountered |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Bottom-Up Processing [definition] |
Perception based on successive analyses of details of the stimuli that are presented |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| What are the six Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization? |
1. law of proximity: elements close together will be perceived together
2. law of symmetry: perception of symmetrical elements
3. law of similarity: states elements have a similar appearance as part of the same object
4. law of continuity: perception of the simpler line on a smooth course
5. law of closure: visual system will close the outline of an incomplete figure
5. law of common fate: elements that move in the same direction will be perceived as belonging together and forming a figure |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Figure v. Ground |
Figure is a visual stimulus that is perceived as an object and ground is the visual stimulus that is perceived as the background |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Agnosia |
Agnosia is failure to know or the inability to percieve or identify a stimulus that exists within a specific sensory modality. Types: prosopagnosia [unable to recognize faces] |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Ventral Stream [function] |
Ventral stream recognizes where an object is and whether it is moving |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Dorsal Stream [function] |
Dorsal stream recognizes what an object is, that is, what form it has and what color |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Monocular Cue [definition] |
A cute for the perception of depth that requires the use of one eye only |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Signal detection theory [definition] |
A mathematical theory of detection of stimuli |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| JND [definition] |
JND is just noticeable difference which is the smallest difference in a stimulus that a person can detect |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Vestibular Sac [function] |
Detects change in the tilt of the head |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Semicircular Canal [function] |
Responds to rotational movement of the head |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Vestibular Apparatus [function] |
Contributes to balance and head movement |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Two Point Discrimination Threshold [definition] |
The minimum distance between two small points that can be detected as separate stimuli when pressed against a particular region of skin |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| What is the difference between touch and pressure? |
Touch is very light contact of an object with the skin while pressure is produced by more forceful contact |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| What are the five qualities of taste? |
Bitter, sour, sweet, salty, and umami |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Olfaction [definition] |
Sense of smell |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Gustation [definition] |
Sense of taste |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| What are the aspects of sound the auditory system codes for? |
Pitch, loudness, timbre by detecting differences in physical aspects of sound: amplitude, frequency and complexity |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:56 GMT |
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| Smooth Pursuit [definition] |
Tracking a moving object using very rapid saccades |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Saccades [definition] |
Abrupt shifts in gaze from one point to another |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Cones [definition] |
A photoreceptor that is responsible for acute day time vision and for color perception |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Rods [definition] |
A photoreceptor that is very sensitive to light but cannot detect changes in hues |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Transduction [definition] |
Transduction is the process by which the sensory organs convert energy from environmental event into neural activity |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Perception [definition] |
Perception is the recognition of objects [both animate and inanimate], their locations, their movements and backgrounds |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Sensation [definition] |
Detection of simple properties of stimuli, such as brightness, color, warmth, and texture |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Extinction [definition] |
Decrease in a learned behavior when the behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| What are the schedules of reinforcement? |
Variable interval, fixed interval, variable ratio, fixed ratio |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Punishment [definition] |
Something delivered that occurs after a behavior to decrease the change behavior will occur again |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Reward [definition] |
A form of positive reinforcement |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Negative Reinforcement [definition] |
Something taken away that occurs after the behavior to increase the chance behavior will occur again |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Positive Reinforcement [definition] |
Something delivered that occurs after the behavior to increase the chance behavior will occur again |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Classical Conditioning Procedure [What are US, CS, UR, CR?] |
Unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Thorndike's Procedure |
Thorndike's procedure demonstrates operant conditioning. Leads to learning through consequences of a behavior, rewards or punishment. |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Pavlov's Procedure |
Pavlov's procedure with the dogs and salivation is an example of classical conditioning. Leads to animals learning an association between 2 stimuli. |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 21:41:55 GMT |
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| Amygdala [definition] |
Located in the middle of temporal lobe and affects emotional behavior |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Hippocampus [definition] |
Involved in spatial orientation and episodic memory or ability to learn and remember experience from daily lives |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| The neocortex consists of what three cortex? |
Visual, auditory and somatosensory cortex |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Neural Plasticity [definition] |
Environmental events that can change the structure and functions of the nervous system |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| What are the five Human Brain Visualization Methods? |
CT scans, MRI scans, EEG, PET scans and fMRI scans |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| What is an action potential? What is the purpose of an action potential? |
Action Potential is a brief electrochemical event that is carried by an axon from the soma of the neuron to the terminal buttons. All or nothing even that causes the release of neurotransmitters. Action potentials are process by which neurons communicate with one another. |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| What are the parts of a neuron? |
Dentrite, soma, axon, axon terminals, terminal buttons, synapse, myelin sheath |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Glial Cell [definition] |
non-neuronal cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin and provide support or protection for the brain's neurons |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Neuron [definition] |
Brain cells that transit information |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Peripheral Nervous System [definition] |
Consists of cranial and spinal nerves |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Central Nervous System [definition] |
Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and retina |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| What types of twins are there? |
Monozygotic and dizygotic twins |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Concordance Research [definition] |
Studies similarity of traits between Identical [monozygotic] twins; concordant means a trait if both twins express it |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Up or Down Regulated Genes |
dfs |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:47 GMT |
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| Knockout/Knock in Mutations [definition] |
s |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Heritability |
Variation in a trait due to genetic factors |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Phenotype [definition] |
Outward expression of genes |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Genotype [definition] |
Genetic makeup |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Allele [definition] |
Alternative form of same gene for a trait; recessive allele-trait is shown when one is present, dominant allele-trait is shown when both are present |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Chromosomes [definition] |
Paired strands of DNA found in the nucleus of every cell [23 pairs] |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Genome [definition] |
Total set of genetic material within an organism |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| Gene [definition] |
Portion of DNA that contains coding sequences that determines what a gene does and non-coding sequences that determine when the gene is active |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 18:39:46 GMT |
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| What are the 4 nucleotide bases of DNA? |
Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine and Adenine |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:06 GMT |
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| DNA |
A double stranded blue print for biology; discovered by Watson and Crick |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:06 GMT |
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| Retention [definition] |
Favored variations are retained through heredity |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:06 GMT |
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| Selection [definition] |
Provides direction for evolution, certain features are selected for or against depending on environment |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:06 GMT |
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| Variation [definition] |
Members of a species differ from one another |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:06 GMT |
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| Natural Selection [definition] |
Process by which the environment favors organisms more adaptable to survive the conditions. 3 conditions: variation, selection and retention |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Who is Charles Darwin? |
Charles Darwin explored on the SS Beagal collecting specimens which he later studied their relations and differences. Began research on evolution and natural selection |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| What types of inferential statistics are there? |
Mathematical and logical procedures for determining relations between samples are signficant |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| What types of descriptive statistics are there? |
Descriptive statistics are the mathematical procedures of collected data such as mean, median, mode |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Expectancy affects [definition] |
Belief certain results will be yielded from certain acts and can skew the validity of an experiment |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Validity [definition] |
The degree to which researchers find measurements valid |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Reliability [definition] |
Reliability is the likelihood that a measurement made twice will yield the same value |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Counterbalencing [definition] |
Systematic variation of conditions in an experiment |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Confounding Variable [definition] |
Inadvertent simultaneous manipulation of more than one variable. Results become confounded because no valid conclusions can be made |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Operational Definition |
Definition of a variable in terms of the operation |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Control Group [definition] |
The group that the experimental group is compared to |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Experimental Group [definition] |
The group exposed to the higher value of the independent variable |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Dependent Variable [definition] |
The variable that is measured and hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Independent Variable [definition] |
The variable within an experiment that has been manipulated |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| What are the five steps to creating an experiment? |
1. Identify the problem through observation and general description.
2. Design an experiment
3. Perform the experiment
4. Examine the data
5. Communicate the results |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Experiment [definition] |
A study in which the researcher changes the value of an independent variable and observes the affect of the manipulation. Potentially confirms cause and effect relations amongst the variables |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Correlation Study [definition] |
The examination of relations between two or more measurements of behaviors or characteristics. Correlation does not infer causation! |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Naturalistic Observation [definition] |
Observation of people or animals within their natural environment |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Scientific Method [definition] |
Set of procedural rules scientist should follow while conducting research, to create a true objective analysis |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Paul Broca |
Broca discovered the Broca's Area in the brain which is associated with speech production |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Pierre Flourens |
Flourens worked with experimental ablation |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Johannes Muller |
Muller is associated with the doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Dualism |
Rene Descartes; philosophical view that knowledge is of mind and matter |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Functionalism [definition] |
Understanding through the functions of parts |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Structuralism [definition] |
Wilhem Wundt; emphasized introspective analysis of sensation and perception |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Materialism [definition] |
Philosophical belief the world can only be understood through the physical world |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Empiricism [definition] |
Philosophical view that all knowledge is attained through experience and observation |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Rationalism [definition] |
Philosophical view that all knowledge is attained through truth and reason |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Who was Rene Descartes? |
Rene Descartes is attributed to be linked with the philosophical roots of psychology. Descartes studied dualism, hydraulic model, and reflexes. |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Why is behavior studied? |
Behavior is study to understand why people do the things they do. |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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| Psychology [definition] |
The science of behavior |
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dndinh Tue, 09 Mar 2010 16:59:05 GMT |
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