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| Electron Transport Chain |
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Kreb's cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP |
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| Kreb's Cycle |
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions |
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| Pyruvic Acid |
a colorless acid formed as an important intermediate in metabolism or fermentation
(wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn) |
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| Lactic Acid Fermentation |
pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis converts to lactic acid, regenerates NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue
(muscles)
pyruvic acid + NADH - lactic acid + NAD+ |
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| Alcoholic Fermentation |
used by yeast and a few other microorganisms, forms ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes
pyruvic acid + NADH - alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ |
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| Aerobic |
process that requires oxygen |
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| Anaerobic |
process that does not require oxygen |
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| Fermentation |
process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen |
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| NADH |
(formed when NAD+ accepts a pair of high-energy electrons) holds electrons until they can be transferred into other molecules...(helps pass energy from glucose to other pathways in the cell) |
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| NAD+ |
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) electron carrier involved in glycolysis |
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| Glycolysis |
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose in broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid |
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| Calorie |
term used by scientists ti measure the energy stored in foods |
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| Cellular Respiration |
process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence oxygen; made up of glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, and the electron transport chain |
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| Calvin Cycle |
reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars |
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| ATP Synthase |
large protein that uses energy from H+ ions to bind ADP and a phosphate group together to produce ATP |
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| LIght Dependent Reactions |
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH |
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| NADPH |
carries high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell (these high-energy electrons are used to help build a variety of molecules the cell needs, including carbohydrates like glucose)... (made of NADP+, 2 high-energy electrons, and an H+ ion) |
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| NADP+ |
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules |
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| Stroma |
region outside the thylakoid membrane is chloroplasts |
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| Thylakoids |
saclike body in chloroplasts made of photosynthetic membranes that contain photosystems |
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| Chlorophyll |
principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy |
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| Pigments |
light-absorbing colored molecules |
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| Photosynthesis |
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches |
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| ADP |
(adenosine diphosphate) similar to ATP but has 2 phosphate groups instead of 3 -partially charged battery (add another phosphate to make ATP and therefore become fully charged) |
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| ATP |
(adenosine triphosphate) one of the principal chemical compounds that living things use to store energy -fully charged battery |
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