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| When your cells need to build a protein, a copy of the instructions is copied from DNA to a short strand of |
mRNA (messenger RNA) |
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| nucleotide sequence that serves as the instructions to build one protein is called |
gene |
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| A _____ is a phosphate and sugar molecule connected to a base such as adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine, or uracil |
nucleotide |
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| DNA and RNA are polymers that are built from monomers called |
nucleotides |
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| transmit the instructions to build proteins |
DNA and RNA |
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| Proteins that have the correct shape to make chemical reactions happen are called |
enzymes |
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| Two or more proteins are associated with one another is ______ structure. The protein hemoglobin is a good example of this structure because it is made from four separate protein chains. |
quaternary |
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| If secondary structure is like a sheet of paper or a slinky, then ______structure is folding that sheet of paper or tying the slinky into a more complex shape. The ______structure of a protein is stabilized by interactions between different R groups. |
tertiary |
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| The linear chain of amino acids can be woven into more complex shapes. Hydrogen bonds can from between the carboxyl groups and amino groups of different amino acids. These hydrogen bonds can twist and stabilize the amino acid chain so that it is woven together into a series of sheets, called a pleated sheet, or so that it is woven together into a series of spirals, called an alpha helix (sort of like a slinky). A single chain of amino acids can be woven into pleated sheets in one area, and alpha helixes in a different area. (structure) |
secondary |
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| The ______ structure of a protein is simply the linear order of the individual amino acids used to create the protein. |
primary |
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| covalent bond between amino acids is called |
peptide bond |
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| During _______, the OH (hydroxyl molecule) of the carboxyl group on one amino acid is removed, and a hydrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid is removed. |
dehydration synthesis |
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| arginine, cysteine, and aspartic acid have (non-polar/polar) R groups |
polar |
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| valine and tyrosine have (non-polar/polar) R-groups |
non-polar |
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| The ____ are what make each of the twenty amino acids distinct from one another |
r groups |
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| All twenty ______ share the same chemical backbone (shown at the right) of a central ____ bonded to a ____ group on one end and an _____ group on the other end. |
amino acids, carbon, carboxyl, amino |
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| polymers built from amino acids |
proteins |
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| Phospholipid molecules will also form membranes, called a _______, with the hydrophobic tails hidden away from water molecules, and the hydrophilic heads oriented outward and interacting with water molecules. |
phospholipid bilayer |
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| the spheres formed by phospholipids in water |
micelles |
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| the tail of the phospholipid is the _____, and it is (polar/nonpolar), (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) |
fatty acid chains, nonpolar, hydrophopbic |
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| the head of the phospholipid is the ______, and it is (polar/nonpolar), (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) |
phophate nitrogen group, polar, hydrophilic |
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| the phosphate nitgrogen group in phospholipids is (polar/non-polar) |
polar |
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| Instead of a third fatty acid, phospholipids have a |
phosphate and nitrogen group |
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| begin with a glycerol molecule backbone with two (instead of three) fatty acids attached. |
phospholipid |
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| fats and oils are (hydrophobic/hydrophilic) |
hydrophobic |
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| glycerol and fatty acids are (polar/non-polar) molecules |
non-polar |
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| molecules made by attaching three fatty acid chains to a glycerol molecule |
fat and oils |
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| lipid polymers are made by attaching long chains of _________(long chains of carbon atoms covalently bonded together) to a ______ molecule (a short chain of 3 carbon atoms covalently bonded together). |
fatty acid molecules, glycerol |
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| The two types of lipid molecules used by your body |
fats and phospholipids |
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| The primary function of carbohydrates in your body is |
to provide your cells with fuel |
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| Humans and other animals can bond glucose molecules in a different pattern to form the polymer ____, produced in the liver |
glycogen |
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| Plants use glucose molecules to build the polymer |
starch |
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| polymers built from simple sugars like glucose |
carbohydrates |
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| four biologically important polymers |
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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| glucose, glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides are examples of |
monomers |
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| the basic building blocks used to create even larger molecules called polymers |
monomers |
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| 96% of the matter in living organisms is made of these four elements |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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| Non-polar substances, like oils, do not dissolve in water because |
they have no charge |
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| water shell around an ion (which may be an atom or molecule) is called |
hydration sphere |
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| Any molecule that becomes an ion when mixed with water |
electrolyte |
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| bond with equally shared electrons |
non-polar covalent |
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| bond with unequally shared electrons |
polar covalent (water molecule) |
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