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| Semantic Shift |
A shift from one meaning to an associated meaning
Chill ('to relax' from 'to cool' |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Polysynthetic |
language, a single word may
have many morphemes |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Grammatical Meanings |
abstract
serves grammatical functions
only has meaning/funciton inside a sentence
closed class
eg. in wals, friend of mine |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Lexical Meanings |
concrete
refers to objects or subjects
has a clear meaning outside of a sentence
limitless; open class
e.g. tree, walk |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Reduplication |
The repitition of all or part of a word. Not generally found in english
takki= leg tak-takki = legs |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Functional shift |
A change from one lexical class to another without any explicit morphological marking
Elbo N>V My elbow Elbow her |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Word-formation Processes: |
Reduplication
Compounding Whitehouse
Functional shift |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Fusional |
A fusional language is a language in which one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings
-s in speaks codes third person, singular and present tense |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Agglutinative |
language is a language in
which words are made up of a linear sequence
of distinct morphemes and each component of
meaning is represented by its own morpheme. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Degree of synthesis |
Synthesis refers to the number of morphemes
that a word may contain in a language
• In an analytic language, a single word has only
one morpheme
• In a polysynthetic language, a single word may
have many morphemes |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Analytic |
In an analytic language, a single word has only
one morpheme |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Word Free/bound Affix |
Bound morphemes can occur as an independent word: Fred, book, one
bound must be attatched: scar-ed, house-s
*s *ed *ly |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Allomorph |
Morphemes can have multiple allomorphs. Phonetic realization of a morpheme.
dogs [z] cats [s] |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Morpheme |
A meaningful part of a word; the minimal linguistic
unit which has a meaning or a grammatical function. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Morphology |
The study of meaningful units in words and how they combine |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:43:25 GMT |
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| Syntactic Evidence |
Particular word classes can only occur in particular positions within a sentence
He likes red apples (*he red apples likes) |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:25:48 GMT |
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| Morphological Evidence |
Particular word classes take particular affixes |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:25:48 GMT |
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| closed word class |
word class, whose members are often small in number, which is
resistant to new members |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:23:13 GMT |
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| open word class |
a class to which one can easily incorporate new members through
borrowing or other word-formation processes |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:23:13 GMT |
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| grammatical word classes |
those classes whose words have more abstract meanings;
often grammatically obligatory; contrasts with lexical word classes |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:23:13 GMT |
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| lexical word classes |
those classes whose words typically convey a wide range of
concrete and often specific meanings; contrasts with grammatical word classes |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:23:13 GMT |
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| conjunction |
class of words, typically particles, which conjoin two or more words,
phrases, or clauses at the same level of structure |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:21:21 GMT |
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| demonstrative |
a small closed class of words that occur in the noun phrase and that have a deictic (“pointing”) function; typically differentiates proximal (e.g., this) and distal
(e.g., that), in addition to other categories |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:21:21 GMT |
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| quantifier |
words like some or couple. Unlike numerals which indicate an exact quality |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:21:21 GMT |
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| article |
a small class of grammatical particles that obligatorily occur in some noun
phrases in some languages; often index the definiteness (identifiability) of a noun, e.g.,
the and a(n) in English |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| Adverb |
cover term for words that are not lexical nouns, verbs, or adjectives, but that still
have lexical (as opposed to grammatical) content |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| Adjective |
word class whose members can occur either modifying a noun in a noun
phrase or within a predicate; adjectives specify attributes of the referent of the associated
noun |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| numeral |
a word class often distinct from other quantifiers whose members indicate an
exact quantity |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| auxiliary verb |
small subclass of verbs with fixed positions and abstract meanings |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| verb |
a member of a class of words which function as the grammatical centers of
predicates; typically denote actions, events, activities, or states |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| noun |
refers to a grammatically-defined word class, whose members can function as the
heads of noun phrases; typically denote entities or concepts |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:58:33 GMT |
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| verb phrase |
a syntactic constituent consisting
of a verb as the head of the phrase, and optional dependents including adverbs,
prepositional phrases, object noun phrases, and indirect objects in prepositional
phrases |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:31:32 GMT |
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| Ditransitive verb/clause |
verbs that can take at most three core arguments are referred to as
ditransitive. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Transitive verb/clause |
verbs that can take at most two core arguments are referred to as transitive |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Intransitive verb/clause |
Verbs that can take at most one core argument are referred to as
intransitive |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Oblique argument |
Oblique arguments do not have a grammatical relationship with the verb. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Core argument |
Core arguments are those that have a grammatical relationship with the verb |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Argument |
The term argument refers to a noun phrase, but rather than emphasizing its internal constituent structure, the term emphasizes the grammatical status of the
argument in relation to the verb. There are two types of arguments: core arguments
and oblique arguments. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Clause |
Phrases combine to form clauses
(which combine to form sentences |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Constituent |
a sub-part of a higher unit. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Recursion |
the ability for a phrasal constituent to embed another phrasal constituent of the same type
within it |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Dependent |
the type of syntactic constituents required by the head
Typical dependents: in noun phrases include demonstratives, numerals, adjectives, articles,
quantifiers, possessors, adpositional phrases (such as with a hammer), and relative
clauses (such as who came late).
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 05:24:09 GMT |
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| Head |
the element that determines the type of syntactic constituent
and (the dependents) which are required in order for the modifiers |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Postpositional phrase |
the postposition follows the noun phrase. |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Prepositional phrase |
In prepositional phrases the
preposition precedes the noun phrase, |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Noun phrase |
A noun phrase is a grammatically coherent syntactic constituent containing a
noun or a pronoun and optionally one or more modifiers |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Constituent |
The term constituent simply refers to a sub-part of a higher unit |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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| Syntax |
refers to the set of grammatical structures that allow for the combination of
words into phrases and sentences |
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benatufal Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:54:34 GMT |
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