| front |
back |
revisions |
lasted changed by |
history |
| lethal allele |
causes the death of an individual organism, often early in development, and so the organism does not appear in the progeny of a genetic cross |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:24:07 GMT |
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| pleiotropy |
1 gene affects numerous distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:24:07 GMT |
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| expressivity |
the degree to which a trait is expressed |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:21:48 GMT |
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| complete penetrance |
all in population show expected phenotype |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:21:48 GMT |
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| incomplete penetrance |
part of the population with genotype doesn't exhibit the phenotype |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:21:48 GMT |
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| dominance is a result of... |
interactions bw genes at the same locus, it doesn't alter how genes are inherited, classification of dominance depends on the level at which the phenotype is examined |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:21:48 GMT |
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| Codominance |
heterozygotes express phenotypes of both homozygotes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:19:12 GMT |
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| incomplete dominance |
heterozygous phenotype is intermediate of both homozygous phenotypes "blending" |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:19:12 GMT |
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| complete dominance |
phenotype of the heteroYgote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:19:12 GMT |
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| Turner syndrome (XO) |
form normal female genitalia, but lack ovaries |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:19:12 GMT |
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| Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY) |
males with small testes, can develop breasts (infertile) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:11:55 GMT |
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| XX with SRY |
genetically female, but appearance is male (infertile) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:11:55 GMT |
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| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome |
genetically male (XY) but don't respond to testerone until after puberty, appear female at birth, but may develop male structures following puberty (infertile) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:11:55 GMT |
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| Embryonic Development:Internal Structures |
Mullerian duct lost in males
Wolffian duct lost in females |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:11:55 GMT |
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| SRY |
necessary for formation of male internal and external genitalia |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:06:05 GMT |
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| AZF |
necessary for sperm formation |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:06:05 GMT |
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| PAR1,2 |
conserved in both X and Y chromosomes & is region where X and Y pair; where recombination can occur between X & Y |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:06:05 GMT |
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| Mosaicism |
when cells in one part of an organism differ genetically from those in another part
[male calicos-rare have Klinefelter's syndrome XXY or a chimera(fusion of 2 embryos) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:13:13 GMT |
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| metamale |
male, but weak and sterile. impaired development |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:01:54 GMT |
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| intersex |
has a mix of male and female characteristics |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:01:54 GMT |
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| metafemale |
female, but with developmental problems, may not complete development |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:01:54 GMT |
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| genic balance system (X:A ration) |
x chromosomes have genes causeing female characteristics, autosomes not the y chromosome have genes for male characteristics, ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes determines sex |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 04:01:54 GMT |
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| environmental sex determination |
chemical cues
temperature (some reptiles ex: turtles) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:59:56 GMT |
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| genic sex determination |
no obvious sex chromosomes, genes for sex determination carried in other chromosomes, occurs in plants and protists |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:59:56 GMT |
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| ZZ/ZW systems |
birds, moths, some amphibians and Fish |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:59:56 GMT |
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| XX/XO systems |
grasshoppers |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:59:56 GMT |
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| XX/XY systems |
some plants, insects, reptiles, all mammals |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:57:17 GMT |
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| T.H. Morgan & Sex linkage |
-worked with flies (red eyes & white eyes) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:57:17 GMT |
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| Meiosis 2 |
replicated chromosomes move to separate cells final product: 4 cells; only 1 set of homologous chromosomes per gamete |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:57:17 GMT |
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| Meiosis 1 |
homologous chromosomes move to separate cells with their replicates |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:57:17 GMT |
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| Recombination/ "crossing over" |
homologous chromosomes trade DNA |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:54:33 GMT |
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| Mitosis |
process by which the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell divides result: normal # of chromosomes per cell |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:54:33 GMT |
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| homologous chromosomes |
two chromosomes that are alike in structure and size and that carry genetic information for the same set of hereditary characteristics |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:54:33 GMT |
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| Eukaryotic Chromosomes |
Chromatin --> DNA --> have histone proteins |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:54:33 GMT |
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| for a cell to reproduce: |
1) replication (copy genetic material)
2)separate copied genetic info
3) cell division |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:49:06 GMT |
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| Chi-Square equation |
X^2 = sum (observed - expected)^2
______________________
expected |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:49:06 GMT |
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| Steps for using chi-square test |
1) propose hypothesis
2)calculate expected values and record observed values
3)apply chi-square formula
4)interpret calculated chi-square value
(a-calculate degrees of freedom, b-determine p value, c- interpret as significant or insignificant) pvalue less or equal to 0.05 is significant, d- state relevance to your hypothesis |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:49:06 GMT |
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| The Chi-Square Test |
commonly used statistical method to test hypotheses by evaluating goodness of fit |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:49:06 GMT |
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| 2nd binomial expansion equation |
P = n! X p^xq^(n-x)
_________
x! (n-x)! |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:43:16 GMT |
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| Binomial Expansion equation |
(a + b)to the nth power
a= prob. of outcome 1
b =prob. of outcome 2
n = total # of events |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:43:16 GMT |
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| binomial expansion can be used to determine..... |
the probability that a certain proportion of the offspring will have a specific characteristic |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:43:16 GMT |
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| Binomial Expansions |
the probability that an unordered combination of events will occur |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:43:16 GMT |
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| a testcross could be used to |
determine whether a parent is heterzygous dominant or homozygous dominant |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:37:36 GMT |
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| The product or multiplication rule |
the probability that two or more independent events will all occur is equal to the product of the individual probabilities of the events |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:37:36 GMT |
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| The Sum or Addition Rule |
the probability that either two or more independent events will occur is equal to the sum of the individual probabilities of the events |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:37:36 GMT |
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| random sampling error |
deviation bw observed and expected outcomes due to chance - - - is higher with small sample sizes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:37:36 GMT |
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| Probability equation.... |
# of individuals with a given phenotype
___________________________
total # of individuals |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:33:52 GMT |
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| Law of independent assortment |
during gamete formation different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:33:11 GMT |
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| dihybrid cross |
a cross bw parents that are homozygous for different alleles at two loci (AABB x aabb) OR a cross bw parents that are both heterozygous for two traits (AaBb x AaBb) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:33:11 GMT |
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| sex chromosome |
chromosomes that differ morphologically or in number in males and females |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:33:11 GMT |
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| recessive |
refers to an allele or phenotype that is expressed only when homozygous |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:29:24 GMT |
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| locus |
position on a chromosome where a specific gene is located |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:29:24 GMT |
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| haploid (n) |
possessing a single set of chromosomes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:29:24 GMT |
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| first filial |
offspring of the initial parents |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:29:24 GMT |
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| dominant |
refers to an allele or phenotype that is expressed in homozygotes (AA) and in heterzygotes (Aa) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:25:38 GMT |
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| diploid (2n) |
possessing two sets of chromosomes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:25:38 GMT |
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| codominance |
type of allelic interaction in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses traits of both homozygotes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:25:38 GMT |
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| autosome |
chromosome that is the same in males and females; nonsex chromosome |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:25:38 GMT |
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| allele |
one of two or more alternate forms of a gene |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:09:49 GMT |
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| Backcross |
a hybrid (heterozygous) is crossed to its parent or a genetically similar individual to obtain a higher proportion of offspringwith genotypes similar to the parent |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:09:49 GMT |
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| Testcross |
cross to determine whether an individual with a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous. the Unknown is crossed to a homozygous recessive and progeny are analyzed (A_ x aa) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:09:49 GMT |
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| Monohybrid Cross 2 |
a cross bw parents that are homozygous for different alleles at 1 locus (AA x aa) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:09:49 GMT |
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| Monohybrid Cross |
a cross between two parents that are both heterozygous at 1 locus (Aa x Aa) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:04:21 GMT |
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| heterozygous |
possessing 2 different alleles at a locus |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:04:21 GMT |
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| homozygous |
possessing 2 of the same allele at a locus |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:04:21 GMT |
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| genotype |
genetic composition |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:04:21 GMT |
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| phenotype |
appearance |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:02:17 GMT |
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| Mendel's Law of Segregation |
two copies of a gene segregate(separate) form each other during transmission form parent to offspring |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:02:17 GMT |
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| reasons Mendel succeeded when others failed? |
studied populations instead of individuals, used a quantitative approach (physics training), patient(8 seasons), formulated hypotheses based on initial observations and tested, carefully chose the species used (garden pea): easy to cultivate, short generation time (1 season), many offspring, flower protected form foreign pollen, no reduction in fertility over generations, clearly distinguishable characters (2 varieties), used pure-breeding stock |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:02:17 GMT |
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| Gregor Mendel |
studied peas |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 03:02:17 GMT |
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| how long are variable number tandem repeats? |
each repeat is 10-60 nucleotides long |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:58:52 GMT |
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| length polymorphisms |
simple sequence repeats, variable number tandem repeats, copy number polymorphisms |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:58:52 GMT |
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| Sequence polymorphisms |
single nucleotide polymorphisms, restriction fragment length polymorphisms |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:58:52 GMT |
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| DNA Polymorphisms |
having more than one allele type for a gene or a DNA marker in non-coding DNA |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:58:52 GMT |
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| types of DNA markers in genomic DNA |
genes, allels, & loci |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:56:27 GMT |
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| PCR machines |
allow you to vary temperature of teh chemical reaction at timed intervals |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:56:27 GMT |
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| PCR uses? |
DNA polymerase that can function near boiling temperature, two primers that hybridize to each end of sequence to be amplified. dNTPs (nucleotides to make the new DNA strand), buffer (to stabilize the reaction), PCR machine |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:56:27 GMT |
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| polymerase chain reaction needs |
only a small amount of double-stranded DNA to start |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:56:27 GMT |
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| PCR - polymerase chain reaction |
Kary Mullis |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:53:25 GMT |
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| Western Blot |
proteins run on a gel and blotted. probe is usually an antibody. detects size of a specific protein or when the protein is expressed |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:53:25 GMT |
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| Northern Blot |
RNA on gel and membrane instead of DNA. Detects when specific RNA sequences are expressed |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:53:25 GMT |
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| success of hybridization depends on |
temperature
salt
sequence
concentration |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:53:25 GMT |
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| hybridization |
complementary strands of nucleic acids find each other and bind (A to T & G to C) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:51:31 GMT |
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| DNA Ladder |
a 'ruler' to measure size of the DNA products |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:51:31 GMT |
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| Gel Electrophoresis |
1) DNA fragments separated by size in an electric field
2)DNA negatively charged: distance migrated is proportional to size of fragment
3)separated through gel matrix |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:51:31 GMT |
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| What is used to separate DNA fragments? |
Gel Electrophoresis |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:51:31 GMT |
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| 3 types of restriction enzymes |
1) type 1: recognize specific sequence, but cut DNA at random sites distant from recognition site
2) type 2: recognize a specific site and cut DNA within the recognition sequence
3)type 3: recognize specific site and cut DNA about 25 bp from site |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:48:01 GMT |
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| what does bacteria use to defend against nucleic acids from viruses? |
restriction enzymes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:48:01 GMT |
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| what are used to cut DNA? |
restriction enzymes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:48:01 GMT |
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| DNA amplification (polymerase chain reaction) |
-need very little genomic DNA
-identifies small DNA fragments
-need to know more about DNA sequence |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:48:01 GMT |
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| Nucleic Acid Hybridization (Southern Blot) |
1)need more genomic DNA
2) can identify large DNA fragments
3) dont need to know DNA sequence |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:45:08 GMT |
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| homozygous |
same allele type in both chromosomes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:45:08 GMT |
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| heterosygous |
different allele types |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:45:08 GMT |
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| DNA contains? |
-genes - repetitive DNA - pseudogenes - other noncoding regions |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:45:08 GMT |
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| DNA is packaged in? |
chromosomes |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:43:12 GMT |
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| DNA -- DNA REPLICATION -- TRANSCRIPTION -- RNA -- TRANSLATION -- PROTEIN |
EXCEPTIONS: DNA -- REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION -- RNA -- RNA REPLICATION -- PROTEIN |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:43:12 GMT |
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| The Central Dogma |
-Francis Crick |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:43:12 GMT |
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| fundamental properties of DNA |
1) DNA can carry large amounts of information by varying the sequence of nitrogenous bases
2)complementary nature of bases makes it possible to replicate DNA
3)the Central Dogma |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:43:12 GMT |
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| Genetic Analysis (Beadle & tatum)(5 steps) |
1) decide which process to study
2)decide what sort of mutations you expect if the process is disrupted
3)identify mutants by doing a mutant screen
4)perform complementation tests to find out how many genes you've identified
5) identify the gene products, what ehy do, how they interact with each other, and the order in which they function |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:13:39 GMT |
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| operational definition of a gene |
a set of mutations that make up a single complementation group |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:13:39 GMT |
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| a minus sign in the complementation matrix..... |
means that the indicated mutations do not complement one another |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:13:39 GMT |
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| a plus sign in the complementation matrix.... |
means that the indicated mutations do complement one another |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:13:39 GMT |
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| heterokaryon |
forms when two Neurospora filaments merge, forming a new hybrid filament with multiple nuclei from each parent |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:09:01 GMT |
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| analyzing ________ can help us determine the order________________ |
mutants; of events in a pathway |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:09:01 GMT |
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| each _____ codes for one _______ |
gene; protein |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:09:01 GMT |
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| this can be used to isolate a set of mutants affecting a single bilogical process. |
mutant screen |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:09:01 GMT |
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| the organisms response to protein defects depends on which __________ |
portion of the pathway is blocked |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:07:02 GMT |
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| progression through biochemical pathways is controlled by ________. |
proteins |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:07:02 GMT |
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| analysis only tells ___of components, not _____of all. could have other intermediates. |
order; identity |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:07:02 GMT |
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| to determine the sequence of events ?? (3 steps) |
1) develop a hypothesis
2)predicted the expected outcome if an enzyme was missing
3)determined whether the results corresponded to the original hypothesis |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:07:02 GMT |
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| beadle & tatums goal?? |
to show the link between biochemistry and genetic analysis |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:02:10 GMT |
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| mutant |
result of a mutation |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:02:10 GMT |
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| mutation |
any heritable change in genetic material |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:02:10 GMT |
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| Beadle & Tatum worked with |
flies bc they were complex |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:02:10 GMT |
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| "one gene, one protein" |
George Beadle & Edward Tatum |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:00:24 GMT |
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| genes regulate |
specific chemical events |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:00:24 GMT |
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| blocking different enzymes causes |
different defects |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:00:24 GMT |
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| gene defects are caused when? |
produciton of the correct enzyme is disrupted and the pathway is blocked |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:00:24 GMT |
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| a defect in "breakdown of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine" |
-build up harmful metabolites, defects in myelin formation(mental retardation; nervous system damage) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:58:06 GMT |
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| each step in a metabolic pathway requires a different.... |
enzyme |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:58:06 GMT |
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| Breakdown of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine |
"black urine disease" |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:58:06 GMT |
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| Sir Archibald Garrod Proposal |
he proposed that human disorders could be caused by inherited deficiencies in proteins |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:58:06 GMT |
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| Sir Archibald Garrod's idea? |
idea was that there is a heritable molecular basis for traits that affect appearance, disease susceptibility, and behavior |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:55:34 GMT |
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| damaged proteins... |
can malfunction, altering the appearance or behavior of an organism |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:55:34 GMT |
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| Enzymes |
are biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions; enzymes are proteins |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:55:34 GMT |
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| functions of proteins in the cell (6) |
1)regulate import/export across cell membrane
2)structural support
3)produce energy
4)cell signaling
5)synthesize or break down molecules
6)cell motility |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:55:34 GMT |
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| DNA primary structure is? |
antiparallel strands |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:52:31 GMT |
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| DNA... |
nitrogenous bases, phosphate group, sugar, double-helix, complementary base pairing (Adenine --> Thymine Guanine --> cytosine) |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:52:31 GMT |
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| Watson,Crick, & Franklin 1953 |
came up with nucleotide structure |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:52:31 GMT |
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| RNA viruses do not use____they use____ |
DNA; RNA |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:52:31 GMT |
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| 3 scientists that proved dna was the genetic material |
avery, macleod, and mccarty |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:49:29 GMT |
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| Frederick Griffith |
showed that genetic material can be transferred from dead bacteria to live bacteria |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:49:29 GMT |
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| evidence that chromosomes are necessary for heredity... |
chromosomes reside in the nucleus, they split during cell division, chromosome number is constant in a single species, but differs between species |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:49:29 GMT |
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| male and female nuclei fuse during? |
fertilization |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:49:29 GMT |
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| microscopy began in... |
the late 1800s |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:45:38 GMT |
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| population genetics |
how the genetic composition of groups of organisms changes over time and space |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:45:38 GMT |
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| molecular genetics |
the chemical nature of genes and how cells transfer and express genetic information |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:45:38 GMT |
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| transmission genetics |
how individuals inherit their genetic makeup and how genes are passed to the next generation |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:45:38 GMT |
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| concentrations in genetics |
transmission genetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:43:58 GMT |
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| genomics |
study of all genes in an organism to understand their molecular organization, function, interaction, and evolutionary history |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:43:58 GMT |
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| genes |
inherited units transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:43:58 GMT |
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| genetics |
the study of heredity and variation |
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farahlou9 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:43:58 GMT |
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