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Antagonist
Endogenous Opioids |
Naltrexone |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:45:12 GMT |
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Agonist
Endogenous Opioids |
Morphine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:45:12 GMT |
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Antagonist
GABA |
Ro 15-4513 |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:45:12 GMT |
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Agonist
GABA |
Barbiturates |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:44:13 GMT |
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Agonist
GABA |
Alcohol |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:44:13 GMT |
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Antagonist
Glutamate |
Ketamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:44:13 GMT |
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Antagonist
Glutamate |
PCP |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:44:13 GMT |
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Agonist
Norepinephrine |
SNRIs |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:43:30 GMT |
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Agonist
Norepinephrine |
Strattera |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:43:30 GMT |
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Agonist
Dopamine |
Amphetamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:43:30 GMT |
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Agonist
Dopamine |
Cocaine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:43:30 GMT |
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Antagonist(s)
Dopamine |
Typical OR Atypical Antipsychotics |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:42:35 GMT |
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Antagonist
Serotonin |
Ondansetron |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:42:35 GMT |
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Agonist
Serotonin |
Fluoxetine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:42:35 GMT |
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Agonist
Acetylcholine |
Muscarine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:42:35 GMT |
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Antagonist
Acetylcholine |
Curare |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:41:11 GMT |
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Agonist
Acetylcholine |
Nicotine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:41:11 GMT |
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| Muscarine (agonist) |
3rd ant/ag for Acetylcholine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:41:11 GMT |
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| Curare (antagonist) |
2nd ant/ag for Acetylcholine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:41:11 GMT |
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| Nicotine (agonist) |
1st ant/ag for Acetylcholine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:39:44 GMT |
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Activates muscle
Arousal
Attention |
3) behavioral effects of Acetylcholine (Ach) |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:39:44 GMT |
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1. Muscarinic
2. Nicotinic |
2) receptors for Acetylcholine (Ach) |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:39:44 GMT |
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| Naltrexone (antagonist) |
2nd ant/ag of Endogenous Opioids |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:39:44 GMT |
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| Morphine (agonist) |
1st ant/ag for Endegenous Opioids |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:36:48 GMT |
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Sexual behaviors
Analgesia
Respiration |
3) behavioral effects of Endegenous Opioids |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:36:48 GMT |
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1. Mu
2. Kappa
3. Delta |
3) receptors for Endegenous Opioids |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:36:48 GMT |
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1. Endorphins
2. Enkephalins
3. Dynorphins |
3) types of Endegenous Opioids |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:36:48 GMT |
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| Ro 15-4513 (antagonist) |
3rd ant/ag of GABA |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:35:10 GMT |
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| Barbiturates (agonist) |
2nd ant/ag of GABA |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:35:10 GMT |
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| Alcohol (agonist) |
1st ant/ag of GABA |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:35:10 GMT |
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Regulate neural excitability
Inhibition
Brain development |
3) behavioral effects of GABA |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:35:10 GMT |
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1. GABA-A
2. GABA-B |
2) receptors for GABA |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:33:46 GMT |
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| Ketamine (antagonist) |
2nd ant/ag for Glutamate |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:33:46 GMT |
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| PCP (antagonist) |
1st ant/ag for Glutamate |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:33:46 GMT |
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Synaptic Plasticity
Learning
Memory |
3) behavioral effects of Glutamate |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:33:46 GMT |
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1. NMDA
2. AMPA
3. mGlu |
3) receptors associated with Glutamate |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:31:57 GMT |
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| SNRIs (agonist) |
2nd ant/ag of Norepinephrine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:31:57 GMT |
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| Stattera (agonist) |
1st ant/ag of Norepinephrine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:31:57 GMT |
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'Fight or flight'
Stress
Arousal
Mood |
4) behavioral effects of Norepinephrine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:31:57 GMT |
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| Adrenergic Receptors |
Receptor of Norepinephrine (NE) |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:29:58 GMT |
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| Amphetamine (agonist) |
4th ant/ag of Dopamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:29:58 GMT |
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| Cocaine (agonist) |
3rd ant/ag of Dopamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:29:58 GMT |
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| Atypical antipsychotics (antagonist) |
2nd ant/ag of Dopamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:29:58 GMT |
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| Typical antipsychotics (antagonist) |
1st ant/ag of Dopamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:28:38 GMT |
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Voluntary movement
Motivation/reward
Drug abuse
Mood
Learning |
5) behavioral effects of Dopamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:28:38 GMT |
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| D1-5 |
Receptor for Dopamine |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:28:38 GMT |
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| Fluoxetine |
3rd ant/ag of Serotonin
agonist |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:28:38 GMT |
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| Ondansetron (antagonist) |
2nd ant/ag of Serotonin
|
2 |
celesteallen Mon, 08 Feb 2010 14:52:43 GMT |
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| SSRIs |
1st ant/ag of Serotonin
agonist |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:26:45 GMT |
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Mood
Appetite
Social Dominance
Aggression |
Behavioral effects of Serotonin |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:26:45 GMT |
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| 5HT1-5 |
Receptors for Serotonin |
0 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:26:45 GMT |
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| Autism |
Disorder caused by abnormal course of social development
Lack of social cognition
Deficient in theory of mind (?)
Associated brain regions: OFC, medial temporal love, abnormal development of neuronal connections, lack of programmed cell death |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:11:04 GMT |
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| Representations / Object permanence |
Developmental milestone
Involves prefrontal cortex
Understanding an object is still present although can't see it
Developed by age 10 |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:11:04 GMT |
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| Facial Recognition |
Developmental milestone
Involves visual cortex and sub-cortical regions
Infants develop this ability |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:11:04 GMT |
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| Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (CAIS) |
Heading: 'environment and human sexual development'
XY genotype (sex: male)
Produce testosterone normally, but lack androgen receptors
Feminization of genitals
Female-biased play behaviors; identify as female
No male-biased behavior |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:03:18 GMT |
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| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
Heading: 'atypical hormonal effects'
Females exposed to high levels of testosterone in the womb
Masculinizing of genitals
Male-biased play behavior; career
Higher rates of homosexuality among this population
|
1 |
celesteallen Mon, 08 Feb 2010 14:30:03 GMT |
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| Puberty |
Heading: 'environment and human sexual development'
When sex hormones stimulate further sex differentiation (ie, sexual characteristics) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:01:18 GMT |
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| Gender Identity |
Heading: 'environment and human sexual development'
Development of this occurs ages 2-4 and may further influence sex differentiation of CNS |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:01:18 GMT |
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| Gender |
Term used to refer the environment's role in determining expression/label as male or female
- Development of gender-specific roles influenced by both genetics and environment |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 18:01:18 GMT |
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| Sex |
Term referring to the biological characteristics of an individual
- Development of sex-specific characteristics guided by genes and hormones |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:56:56 GMT |
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| sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) |
Androgen inhibits cell death of this, which is located in the hypothalamus, resulting in masculinizing effects of the CNS and later, resulting male behaviors later in life |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:56:56 GMT |
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| "Sexually indifferent stage" |
The stage in sexual development during which gonads are not fully developed as male / female |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:56:56 GMT |
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| Organizational Effects |
Heading: 'Hormones and Development'
Effects of hormones that produce lasting or long-term alterations in structure during development
- Penetrate the membrane and directly alter gene expression--protein--structure of neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:56:56 GMT |
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| Activational Effects |
Heading: 'Hormones and Development'
Effects of hormones that produce transient actions at target cells by occupying receptors |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:44:44 GMT |
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| Renervation |
Process called when preganglionic connection in 1 and postganglionic connection in 2 is restored |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:44:44 GMT |
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| Sprouting |
Process called when new neurons form new connections to restore a nerve that has undergone denervation
(new neurons formed at 1 and 3) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:44:44 GMT |
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| Denervation |
Loss of a neural connection |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 04 Feb 2010 17:44:44 GMT |
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| Programmed Cell Death (PCD) OR Apoptosis |
Term that refers to when cells spontaneously kills themselves |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:40:51 GMT |
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| Neurotropic Factors |
Cells able to take up these factors are able to preserve necessary synapses
Secreted by target cells
Ex: nerve growth factor |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:40:51 GMT |
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| Chemoattraction |
Specific part of neuron (axon) is attracted to the target cell, which is releasing guidepost cells
General Definition: Attraction of part of a growing cell towards chemical cues in its environment |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:37:00 GMT |
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| Denervation |
Loss of neural supply; interruption of nerve connection to an organ or part |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:27:50 GMT |
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| Synaptic Restructuring |
Stage 6 of Development (LAST stage)
j) behavior helps maintain and strengthen certain synapses and weed out others
- synaptic restructuring is ongoing throughout life
- synaptic transmission strengthens synapses
- lack of communication weakens synapses
- repair after trauma |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:27:50 GMT |
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| Apoptosis |
AKA: programmed cell death
Provoked by expression of 'suicide genes'
Typically confers advantages during an organism's life cycle
EX: attributed to the differentiation of fingers and toes in a developing human embryo |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:27:50 GMT |
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| Synaptogenesis and Selective Cell Death |
Stages 4 & 5 of Development
h) neurites of proximal cells form synapses
*neurotropic factors secreted by target cells create and preserve necessary synapses
i) synaptic connections are strengthened or removed |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:19:57 GMT |
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| Differentiation |
Stage 3 of Development
f) distinct cell types develop distinct shapes
g) ...and structures |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:19:57 GMT |
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| Migration |
Stage 2 of Development
d) special chemicals attract specific cells
e) using these chemicals as guides, cells are directed towards their appropriate place in the CNS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:19:57 GMT |
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| Neurogenesis |
Stage 1 of Development
a) precursor cells give rise to neurons at the neural tube
b) cells repeatedly divide
c) cell division stops |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:19:57 GMT |
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| Synaptic Reorganization |
Heading: "Stages of Development"
Synapses are strengthened / weakened
SIXTH stage of development (of 6) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:10:45 GMT |
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| Selective neuron death |
Heading: "Stages of Development"
Some neurons are destroyed / die off
FIFTH stage of development (of 6) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:10:45 GMT |
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| Synaptogenesis |
Heading: "Stages of Development"
Synapses begin to form between neurons
FOURTH stage of development (of 6) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:10:45 GMT |
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| Differentiation |
Heading: "Stages of Development"
Types of neurons arise from a standard precursor neuron; neurites begin to form from neurons
THIRD stage of development (of 6) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:10:45 GMT |
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| Migration |
Heading: "Stages of Development"
Neurons move towards their final anatomical location
SECOND stage of development |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:08:36 GMT |
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| Neurogenesis |
Heading: "Stages of Development"
Cells of the neural tube repeatedly divide
FIRST stage of development |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:08:36 GMT |
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| Neural Tube |
Heading: "Development of the CNS"
Made up by:
-stem cells
-caudal portion
-rostral portion
-cavity |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:08:36 GMT |
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| Neural Crest |
Develops into PNS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:08:36 GMT |
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| Cavity |
Heading: "Development of the CNS"
Part of neural tube
Forms---ventricles and central canal of spinal cord |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:03:33 GMT |
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| Rostral portion |
Heading: "Development of the CNS"
Part of neural tube
Forms---brain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:03:33 GMT |
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| Caudal portion |
Heading: "Development of the CNS"
Part of neural tube
Forms---spinal cord |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:03:33 GMT |
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| Stem cells |
Heading: "Development of the CNS"
Part of neural tube
Forms---neurons and glial cells |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:03:33 GMT |
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| Dizygotic Twins |
Twins tat are fraternal |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:00:10 GMT |
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| Monozygotic Twins |
Twins that are identical |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:00:10 GMT |
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| Learning |
Heading: "development v learning"
Experience-dependent
Largely shaped by environment
Generally reversible |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:00:10 GMT |
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| Development |
Heading: "development v learning"
Time-dependent
Involves environment
Generally irreversible |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 18:00:10 GMT |
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| Single-unit recording |
Stereotaxic surgery to place recording microelectrodes in specific brain regions to record from a single neuron
-Record activity / inhibition of a single neuron's activity during behaviors |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:57:30 GMT |
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| Experimental lesions / ablations |
Heading: "Learning from brain damage"
Targeted brain regions are strategically damaged and resulting behavioral deficits are observed
Stereotaxic surgery |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:57:30 GMT |
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| Loss of funtion |
Heading: "Learning from brain damage"
Localized site of damage correlates with specific behavioral deficits |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:57:30 GMT |
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| Microdialysis |
Heading: "Quantifying Neurochemicals"
Uses a special probe to collect fluid samples containing extrasynaptic neurochemicals |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:57:30 GMT |
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| Functional MRI (fMRI) |
Heading: "Techniques for Imaging"
Functional AND structural
Measures oxygen consumption in high resolution |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:54:04 GMT |
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| Theory of Mind |
A theory that holds that you can infer the intentions of other organism's using sensory information
Facilitated by enlarged Prefrontal cortices (?) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:54:04 GMT |
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| Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
Heading: "Techniques for Imaging"
Structural
Magnetic properties of substances in the body are alined within a magnetic field to derive an image |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:49:39 GMT |
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| Positron Emisson Tomography (PET) |
Heading: "Techniques for Imaging"
Functional
Radioactive tracer (ie, radioactive oxygen, glucose, NT precursor) used
Measure blood flow (rCBF) or distribution of a specific NT in brain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:49:39 GMT |
|
| Computerized Tomography (CT) |
Heading: "Techniques for Imaging"
Structural
Series of X-rays used to derive an image of the brain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:49:39 GMT |
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| Electromyogram |
Heading: "Non-invasive recording of electrical activity"
Electrodes attached to the surface of the body / attached to muscle itself
Record voltage |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:49:39 GMT |
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| Evoked Potentials |
Heading: "Non-invasive recording of electrical activity"
Electrodes attached to surface of head
Record changes in voltage associated with stimuli (event related potentials, ERP) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:46:06 GMT |
|
| Elecroencephalography (EEG) |
Heading: "Non-invasive recording of electrical activity"
Electrodes attached to surface of head
Record total whole brain voltage |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:46:06 GMT |
|
| Electron microscopy |
Heading: "Techniques for Visualizing Neurons"
Investigate staining of specific cells under an electron microscope |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:46:06 GMT |
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| Nissl staining |
Heading: "Techniques for Visualizing Neurons"
Type of Histology
-examines cell body stain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:46:06 GMT |
|
| Golgi staining |
Heading: "Techniques for Visualizing Neurons"
Type of Histology
-examines whole cell stain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:43:30 GMT |
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| Histology |
Heading: "Techniques for Visualizing Neurons"
Investigate staining of specific cells under a high-powered light microscope
-Golgi staining: whole cell stain
-Nissl staining: cell body stain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:43:30 GMT |
|
| Retrograde Labeling |
Heading: "Techniques for Visualizing Neurons"
Inject dye at axon terminals, transported THROUGH AXON to CELL BODY |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:43:30 GMT |
|
| Anterograde Labeling |
Heading: "Techniques for Visualizing Neurons"
Inject dye into cell nucleus, transported FROM CELL BODY to AXON TERMINALS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:43:30 GMT |
|
| Principle of Proper Mass |
A Principle that refers to the fact that the amount of neural tissue devoted to a behavioral function corresponds to the amount of information processing required to successfully perform the function |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:40:17 GMT |
|
| Principle of Localization |
A Principle that refers to the fact that different structures of the brain have different functions |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:40:17 GMT |
|
| Analogous |
Refers to a feature evolved independently between species, but resulting from same evolutionary (environmental) pressures |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:40:16 GMT |
|
| Homologous |
Refers to a common evolutionary origin between species |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 02 Feb 2010 17:40:16 GMT |
|
| Hypothalamus |
Regulates feeding behavior
Important for homeostasis
Coordinates stress response
Output projections to many brain regions, including those involved in decision-making |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:33:31 GMT |
|
| Nucleus of the Solitary Tract (NTS) |
Projections from PNS or cranial nerves arrive to NTS
Output projections to other brain regions
-Liver --> neurons of the PNS --> vagus nerve --> NTS --> hypothalamus |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:32:27 GMT |
|
| Astrocyte-endothelial Interactions |
The close anatomical association between endothelial cells and per vascular astrocytic end feet suggests cooperation between these cell types in forming and maintaining the blood-brain barrier. |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:32:27 GMT |
|
| Blood Brain Barrier |
Selective barrier formed between blood vessels and neurons of the brain
-Prevents toxins from penetrating the brain through the bloodstream
-Protects against drastic changes in ion concentrations
-Allows entrance of proper nutrients, hormones (special transport mechanisms; selective laxity of this in specific areas that contain neurons which are extremely sensitive to ion concentration and toxins) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:32:27 GMT |
|
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) |
Produced in the choroid plexus
Fills ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, central canal of the spinal cord
Cushions the brain against trauma |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:32:27 GMT |
|
| Mammillary body |
Invovled in recognition
(Part of Limbic System) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:24:17 GMT |
|
| Hippocampus |
Receives sensory input from cortex
Forms memories, some of which may have emotional components
Outputs to many brain regions, including through fornix to mammillary body
(Part of Limbic System) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:24:17 GMT |
|
| Amygdala |
Receives sensory input from cortex
Coordinate/processes emotional response
Outputs to many brain regions for further processing of emotion
(Part of Limbic System) |
1 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:26:17 GMT |
|
| Telencephalon |
Part of the brain involved with the Limbic System |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:22:28 GMT |
|
| Amygdala, Hippocampus and Mammillary body |
Three main components of the Limbic System |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:22:28 GMT |
|
| Dorsolateral, medial, orbitofrontal |
Three major subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex
Why is this important? |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:22:28 GMT |
|
| Executive Functioning |
Prefrontal cortex responsible for this
Includes planning, decision making, appropriate social behavior, attention |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:20:25 GMT |
|
| Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum |
Two areas of the brain involved in motor control |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:20:25 GMT |
|
| Cerebellum |
Receives input from motor cortex
Balance, locomotion, organizes motor action, coordinate decisions about motor action |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:20:25 GMT |
|
| Basal Ganglia |
Includes: Caudate nucleus, Globus, Pallidus, Putamen
Receives input from motor cortex
Movement control |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:20:25 GMT |
|
| Motor Cortex |
Cortex
-Precentral gyrus
-Receives sensory input from PNS, sensory input from other areas of the cortex
-Exerts motor control (skeletal muscles)-- cranial nerves, spinal cord, other brain regions |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:18:09 GMT |
|
| Optic Nerve |
Cranial nerve II
Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:18:09 GMT |
|
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
Primary processing center for visual information received from the retina of the eye
Found inside the thalamus of the brain |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:18:09 GMT |
|
| Vision |
"Sensory cortices"
-Cranial Nerve (optic nerve)
-Receptor cells (retina, light responsive)
-Triggers activation of ganglion cells, which form the optic nerve
-Thalamus (lateral geniculate nucleus)
-Visual Cortex |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:18:09 GMT |
|
| Touch |
"Sensory cortices"
Nerve fiber from PNS --> ascending tract in CNS
-Crosses sides at medulla
-Projects to thalamus (directs information to subregion of somatosensory cortex) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:14:21 GMT |
|
| Pain |
"Sensory cortices"
Nerve fiber from PNS --> ascending tract in CNS
-Crosses sides in spinal cord
-Projects to RAS (emotion/arousal)
-Projects to thalamus (directs to a specific part fo the somatosensory cortex) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:14:21 GMT |
|
| Thalamus |
-Receives sensory input from sensory systems
-Projections to the cortex
-Specific (ie, directs specific types of sensory info to a specific parts of the cortex)
-Receives information from cortex |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:14:21 GMT |
|
| Ascending Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
-Sensory input arrives via spinal cord
-Neurons activated by sensory input
-Projections to cortex
-Non-specific (ie, projects all types of sensory info)
-Wakefulness/alertness and sleep |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:14:21 GMT |
|
| Sensory Humunculus |
Diagram used to illustrate how much of the cortex is attributed to sensory input from a certain part of the body |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:09:29 GMT |
|
| Association Cortices |
Regions in the cortex where information from primary cortices is integrated (ie, olfactory and visual information) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:09:29 GMT |
|
| Somatosensory Cortex |
Cortex controlled by the parietal lobe
Receives sensory information regarding touch |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:09:29 GMT |
|
| Auditory Cortex |
Cortex controlled by the temporal lobe
Receives auditory information |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:09:29 GMT |
|
| Visual Cortex |
Cortex in the occipital lobe
Visual information received via optic nerve |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:07:35 GMT |
|
| Gyri |
Spaces between the folds that make up the cerebral cortex |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:07:35 GMT |
|
| Sulci |
Folds that make up the cerebral cortex |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:07:35 GMT |
|
| White matter |
Myelinated axons make up the inner brain |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:07:35 GMT |
|
| Gray matter (cortex) |
In the cortex
Cell bodies make up the outer brain |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:06:19 GMT |
|
| Lateral Sulcus |
A fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates
Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:06:19 GMT |
|
| Central Sulcus |
A fold in the cerebral cortex of brains in vertebrates also called the central fissure
Separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe (and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:06:19 GMT |
|
| Occipital Lobe |
Lobe of the brain
Involved in vision |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:06:19 GMT |
|
| Temporal Lobe |
Lobe of the brain
Involved in hearing/audition and memory |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:03:21 GMT |
|
| Parietal Lobe |
Lobe of the brain
Involved in sensory information related to touch, pain, temperature |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:03:21 GMT |
|
| Frontal Lobe |
Lobe of the brain
Involved in decision making, planning, movement, speech and emotion |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:03:21 GMT |
|
| Anterior Commisure |
Axons of neurons connecting the anterior portions of the two hemispheres |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:03:21 GMT |
|
| Corpus Callosum |
Axons of neurons connecting the two hemispheres |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:01:41 GMT |
|
| Brain stem |
"General categorization of the brain"
Made up of the midbrain, pons, medulla |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:01:41 GMT |
|
| Mesencephalon |
"General categorization of the brain"
Made up of the diencephalon
-Includes the thalamus and hypothalamus
Made up of the midbrain |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:01:41 GMT |
|
| Telencephalon |
"General categorization of the brain"
Part of brain known as the Cerebrum
Includes the cerebral cortex |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 18:01:41 GMT |
|
| Horizontal |
Cut of brain that splits lips half (one lip on top, one on bottom) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:59:25 GMT |
|
| Coronal |
Cut of brain that splits the ears in half |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:59:25 GMT |
|
| Sagittal |
Cut of brain that splits the nose in half |
1 |
celesteallen Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:10:21 GMT |
|
| Contralateral |
An anatomical term referring to the opposite side |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:57:50 GMT |
|
| Anterior |
Another anatomical term for VENTRAL
Refers to... |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:57:50 GMT |
|
| Posterior |
Another anatomical term for DORSAL
Refers to the back or behind |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:57:50 GMT |
|
| Rostral |
Another anatomical term for SUPERIOR
Refers to above or on top of |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:57:50 GMT |
|
| Caudal |
Another anatomical term for inferior |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:53:43 GMT |
|
| Ipsilateral |
An anatomical term pertaining to the same side |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:53:43 GMT |
|
| Lateral |
An anatomical term pertaining to the side of the body or a body part that is farther from the middle or center of the body.
Typically refers to the outer side of the body part, but it is also used to refer to the side of a body part. |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:53:43 GMT |
|
| Medial |
An anatomical term pertaining to the middle; in or toward the middle; nearer the middle of the body.
Within a multi-layered structure, the center layer. |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:53:43 GMT |
|
| Inferior |
A term pertaining to below or beneath |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:49:23 GMT |
|
| Superior |
A term pertaining to on top of or above.
Example in the body: relationship of the HEART to the stomach |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:49:23 GMT |
|
| Ventral |
A term pertaining to the front or anterior of any structure.
Some examples on the body: chest, abdomen, shins, palms, and soles |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:49:23 GMT |
|
| Dorsal |
A term relating to the back of a structure.
Some examples on the body: Back, butt, calves, knuckles side of the hand |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:49:23 GMT |
|
| Compensatory Mechanisms |
Under heading: "Homeostatic Regulation of Altered Synapses"
Up-regulation / Down-regulation of synapses / receptors in response to taking drugs of abuse
Term sometimes used to refer to any such changes used to reinstate homeostasis |
1 |
celesteallen Tue, 09 Feb 2010 01:21:53 GMT |
|
| Up-regulation |
Under heading: "Homeostatic Regulation of Altered Synapses"
-Loss of excitement of a synapse
-# of postsynaptic receptors INCREASED |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:44:40 GMT |
|
| Down-regulation |
Under heading: "Homeostatic Regulation of Altered Synapses"
-Repeated excitement of a synapse
-# of postsynaptic receptors REDUCED |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:44:40 GMT |
|
| Ionotropic receptor |
Type of receptor
When neurotransmitters bind to it, it results in the operation of ion channels
Able to DIRECTLY open ion channels, which generates activity in the postsynaptic cell |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 28 Jan 2010 17:40:52 GMT |
|
| Hemicholinium-3 |
Drug that impairs spatial learning by depleting ACh
Acts as a direct antagonist
Impairs performance on Morris Water Maze task |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:33:05 GMT |
|
| 3. # of postsynaptic receptors |
Heading: "alterations at synapses": "natural causes"
ONE (3 of 3) example of individual differences at synapses due to genes / environment |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:26:49 GMT |
|
| 2. amt of NT properly stored |
Heading: "alterations at synapses": "natural causes"
ONE (2 of 3) example of individual differences at synapses due to genes / environment |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:26:48 GMT |
|
| 1. amt of NT synthesized |
Heading: "alterations at synapses": "natural causes"
ONE (1 of 3) example of individual differences at synapses due to genes / environment |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:26:48 GMT |
|
| 4. Removal from the synapse |
4th step in Neurotransmission |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:26:48 GMT |
|
| 3. Binding to receptors on postsynaptic neuron |
3rd step in Neurotransmission |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:24:24 GMT |
|
| 2. Movement across synaptic cleft |
2nd step in Neurotransmission |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:24:24 GMT |
|
| 1. Release from presynaptic neuron |
1st step in Neurotransmission |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:24:24 GMT |
|
| Electircal Synapse |
Type of synapse
-Neurons touch directly (NO SYNAPSE)
-Electircal events in one neuron induce electrical events in the other neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:24:24 GMT |
|
| Autoreceptors |
Heading: "Controlling the synapse"
Act as a sensor
Type of receptor typically on presynaptic cell
Serves as part of a feedback mechanism (or loop) in signal transduction
Inhibits release of various (specific) NTs |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:17:42 GMT |
|
| Maintaining sustained activity at receptors |
Heading: "Controlling the synapse"
Dynamics between presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron
Equal rate of release / rate of breakdown of NT (constantly replacing NT lost) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:17:42 GMT |
|
| Inactivation |
Heading: "Controlling the synapse"
Enzyme breaks down NT
Reuptake brings excess NT back into the presynaptic cell |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:14:23 GMT |
|
| Axon Hillock |
Tapering region between a neurons cell body and its axon
Responsible for summating the graded inputs from the dendrites and producing action potentials if the threshold is reached |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:14:23 GMT |
|
| Net Summation |
Independent input at axon hillock AND
Simultaneous, integrated input at axon hillock |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:14:23 GMT |
|
| Net Summation |
Refers to: Once the membrane potential is changed enough at the axon hillock to reach threshold, |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:14:23 GMT |
|
| MAOIs |
Undesired effects of this drug include
Block enzyme essential for the digestion of certain foods |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:07:29 GMT |
|
| Prozac |
Undesired effects of this drug include
Block serotonin receptor subtype (5HT2C)
Increases appetite |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:07:29 GMT |
|
| Clominaprine |
Undesired effects of this drug metabolite include
Block reuptake of norepinephrine
Effects sexual functioning among other behaviors |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:07:29 GMT |
|
| Clomipramine |
Type of drug intended to block reuptake of serotonin
Treat OCD |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:07:29 GMT |
|
| Blocks reuptake of serotonin to treat OCD |
What is the desired effect of Clomipramine? |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:04:51 GMT |
|
| Effects |
One (of 3) way a drug can cause side-effects
Refers to the fact that a drug can alter normal function of target |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:04:51 GMT |
|
| Metabolites |
One (of 3) way a drug can cause side-effects
Refers to the fact that a drug (or part of the drug...) can alter normal functino of other NTs |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:04:51 GMT |
|
| Specificity |
One (of 3) way a drug can cause side-effects
Refers to the fact that a drug can alter other mechanisms of the NT system |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:04:51 GMT |
|
| Axon Hillock |
The anatomical part of a neuron that connects the cell body (soma) to the axon
The location where the summation of IPSPs and EPSPs from numerous synaptic inputs on the dendrites or cell body occurs |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:01:16 GMT |
|
| Dale's Principle |
The principle stating that a neuron does the same thing at all of its synaptic connections to other cells, regardless of the identity of the target cell.
Has been taken to refer to the fact that:
-neurons release one and only one transmitter at all of their synapses OR
-neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:01:16 GMT |
|
| Colocalization |
Part of Dale's principle
Refers to the fact that different NTs can be released from the same axon terminal????????? |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:01:16 GMT |
|
| MAOIs |
Type of medicine
-Inhibits the enzyme which breaks down monamine NTs (dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine)
-Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
-Treatment of depression |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:01:16 GMT |
|
| Prozac (fluoxetine) |
type of medicine
-Inhibits serotonin reuptake
-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
-Treatment of OCD, depression |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:54:39 GMT |
|
| Compensatory Mechanisms |
Heading: "Homeostatic regulation of altered synapses"
Evident in withdrawal from drugs of abuse / medication
Ex: cocaine withdrawal--> down-regulatino of DA release without drug --> withdrawal symptoms (dysphoria, anxiety, depression, increased appetite, excessive sleeping) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:54:39 GMT |
|
| Up-regulation |
Heading: "Homeostatic regulation of altered synapses"
Loss of excitement at synapse
Number of postsynaptic receptors increased |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:54:39 GMT |
|
| Down-regulation |
Heading: "Homeostatic regulation of altered synapses"
Repeated excitement of a synapse
Number of postsynaptic receptors reduced |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:54:39 GMT |
|
| Synaptic Vesicles |
Containers that hold NT
Primed for release by arrival of AP |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:48:34 GMT |
|
| Synaptic Cleft |
Another name for the Synaptic Gap
Space NT has to travel to travel in order to reach the subsequent nerve cell |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:48:34 GMT |
|
| Axon Terminal |
Another name for terminal buttons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:48:34 GMT |
|
| Indirect Antagonist |
Blocks release of NT
Promotes reuptake of NT |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:48:34 GMT |
|
| Indirect Agonist |
Artificailly reduces release of NT from presynaptic neuron without stimulation by AP
Blocks autoreceptor
Blocks reuptake of NT
-Ex: cocaine (dopamine) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:46:13 GMT |
|
| Antagonist |
Drug which inhibits the effect of the NT
-Occupies the receptor / receptor subtype |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:46:13 GMT |
|
| Agonist |
Drug which mimics the effect of the NT
-Binds with receptor / receptor subtype |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:46:13 GMT |
|
| Metabotropic |
NT binds to this kind of receptor
Second messenger is activated within neuron
-effects ion channels and genes |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:46:13 GMT |
|
| Glutamate |
Example of an Ionotropic receptor that causes"
-Na+ channels open
-Depolarize membrane |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:42:17 GMT |
|
| Ionotropic ("Classical neurotransmission") |
NT binds to this kind of receptor
Ion channels open / ions move in or out of cell
Membrane potential is excited / inhibited |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:42:17 GMT |
|
| Metabolites |
Broken down components of NTs
-some are active
-quantitative measure of NT activity |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:42:17 GMT |
|
| amt of Excitatory NT - amt of Inhibitory NT |
A second "equation" for the probability of action potential firing |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:42:17 GMT |
|
| Strength of EPSP - Strength if IPSP |
One potential "equation" for the probability of action potential firing |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:37:58 GMT |
|
| Temporal Summation |
The term used for when there is rapid stimulation of the same site on the postsynaptic neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:37:58 GMT |
|
| Spatial Summation |
The term used for when multiple sites of stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:37:58 GMT |
|
| Hyperpolarization |
The term for the negative change in voltage that occurs at the membrane during a synapse |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:37:58 GMT |
|
| Inhibitorypostsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
The type of synapse where there is a negative change in voltage (hyperpoloarization) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:34:31 GMT |
|
| Depolarization |
This term refers to the electrical stimulation of the neuron causes a positive change in membrane potential |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:34:31 GMT |
|
| Depolarization |
The term used when there is a positive change in voltage at the synapse |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:34:31 GMT |
|
| Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
The type of synapse where there is a positive change in voltage (depoloarization) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 26 Jan 2010 17:34:31 GMT |
|
| Plagues |
Areas of brain damage (in addition to lesions) caused by MS |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:44:18 GMT |
|
| Tay-Sachs disease |
Type of disorder related to dysmelination
Progressive deterioration of motor and cognitive abilities, fatality by age 4
Genetic cause |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:43:39 GMT |
|
| Guillain-Barre syndrome |
Type of disorder related to demyelination
Autoimmune disorder |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:43:39 GMT |
|
| Guillain-Barre syndrome |
Type of disorder related to demyelination
Muscle weakness beginning in the legs and traveling upwards
Environmental causes |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:43:39 GMT |
|
| Multiple Sclerosis |
Type of disorder related to demyelination
Progressive muscle weakness, motor impairment; difficulties with speech, vision, cognition
Genetic and environmental causes |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:43:39 GMT |
|
| Myelinated axons |
Type of axons with directed flow of ions at Nodes of Ranvier facilitates transmission |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:41:06 GMT |
|
| Myelinated axons |
Type of axons that operate at an enhanced speed
Prolonged electrical disturbance facilitates transmission
Faster transmission = potential for greater frequency |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:41:06 GMT |
|
| Unmyelinated axons |
Type of axons that transmission depends on flow of ions throughout the entire axon |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:41:06 GMT |
|
| Unmyelinated axons |
Type of axons that operate at a slower speed
Slower transmission limits the frequency of action potentials |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:41:06 GMT |
|
| Saltatory Conduction |
The propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials without needing to increase the diameter of an axon. |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:37:48 GMT |
|
| Nodes of Ranvier |
Concentrated areas where ions can move across membrane |
1 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:12:09 GMT |
|
| Myelin |
Made by specialized glial cells
Speeds movement of action potentials alongthe axon |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:37:48 GMT |
|
| Glial cells |
Cells that support neurons of CNS (oligodendrocytes) and PNS (Schwann cells)
-Maintain the nervous system
-Guide development of the NS
-Influence neuronal signaling |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:37:48 GMT |
|
| Schwann Cells |
Cells that support neurons of the PNS
-Maintain nervous system
-Guide development of nervous system
-Influence neuronal signaling |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:34:59 GMT |
|
| Oligodendrocytes |
Cells that support neurons of the CNS
-Maintain nervous system
-Guide development of nervous system
-Influence neuronal signaling |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:34:59 GMT |
|
| Saturation |
The state of the neuron when it can't fire any more action potentials, even if you increase the stimulus |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:34:59 GMT |
|
| Refractory Period |
This period of time prevents the action potential from moving backward |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:34:59 GMT |
|
| Falling phase |
Phase of an action potential when:
Sodium channels shut, K+ channels open and allow it into neuron
Allows restoration of resting potential |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:19:49 GMT |
|
| Peak |
Phase of an action potential when:
At highest membrane potential the cell will reach |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:19:49 GMT |
|
| Rising phase |
Phase of an action potential when:
Depolarization, cell is stimulated |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:19:49 GMT |
|
| Refractory period |
The time after the actino potential has fired at a specific location on the axon during which another action potential cannot fire at this location |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:19:49 GMT |
|
| 'Recovery' |
The state of a cell when NA+ channels close, K+ channels open and K+ leaves neuron
Resting potential is stabilized |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:13:36 GMT |
|
| 'Depolarization' |
The state of a cell when K+ enters neuron to reach threshold
Action potential fired |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:13:36 GMT |
|
| 'Stimulated' |
Heading: 'Summary of action potential' (4 main things, 1-7)
The state of a cell when the Na+ channels open and Na+ enters neuron
Membrane potential becomes less negative |
1 |
celesteallen Sat, 06 Feb 2010 20:02:45 GMT |
|
| 'At rest' |
The state of a cell when resting potential is maintained by sodium-potassium pump, concentration gradient & voltage |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:13:36 GMT |
|
| Potassium channels |
What allows the membrane potential to move in a negative direction (until at rest)
Occurs when K+ moving out of cell |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:11:03 GMT |
|
| Action Potential |
What occurs when a membrane potential reaches threshold |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:11:03 GMT |
|
| Sodium channels |
The name of what the Na+ ions move into the cell through
(It does this when the neuron is stimulated, b/c membrane becomes more permeable to Na+) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:11:03 GMT |
|
| Depolarization |
Membrane potential becomes less negative and more positive due to the influx of Na+ ions that occurs when a neuron is stimulated |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:11:03 GMT |
|
| Resting Potential |
Baseline level of cell's voltage that is -60mV to -70mV
Before the action potential |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:01:05 GMT |
|
| Net force |
What is created by voltage, concentration gradient and the sodium-potassium pump that regulates the flow of ions |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:01:04 GMT |
|
| Sodium Potassium Pump |
Brings K+ in and forcing Na+ out in order to maintain a proper membrane potential in the cell membrane |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:01:04 GMT |
|
| Passive |
Word used to describe the movement of ions across the cell membrane
Related to the process of diffusion, voltage and concentration gradients of the cell membranes |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 18:01:04 GMT |
|
| Concentration Gradient |
Difference in concentration of a substance between one area and another |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:53:46 GMT |
|
| Pre-synaptic Cell |
The type of cell that releases neurotransmitter into the synapse |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:53:46 GMT |
|
| Membrane Potential |
Voltage difference between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell
Usually, -60mV to -70mV |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:53:46 GMT |
|
| Voltage |
Difference in electrical potential arising from an imbalance of electrical charges between ions |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:53:46 GMT |
|
| Extracellular fluid |
Type of cellular fluid mostly positive (in natural state) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:48:52 GMT |
|
| Intracellular fluid |
Type of cellular fluid mostly negative (in natural state) |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:48:52 GMT |
|
| Semi-permeable |
Characteristic of the cell membrane
Allows some cells to travel through the cellular membrane but not others |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:48:52 GMT |
|
| Ions |
Electrically active atoms
Ex: Na+, K+, Cl- |
0 |
celesteallen Thu, 21 Jan 2010 17:48:52 GMT |
|
| Heirarchical control |
in Global control of ANS
Regulatory info comes from top, down |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:33:02 GMT |
|
| Global control of ANS |
Coordinates needs of body with activity of ANS
controlled by command neurons in brain |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:33:02 GMT |
|
| Local Feedback |
Local control of ANS
-sensory neurons near ANS target organ project info to CNS
-CNS conveys info about regulating ANS target
-involves only proximal neurons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:33:02 GMT |
|
| Efferent neurons project FROM CNS |
Type of neurons in vagus nerve
Stimulation of hunger cues |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:30:13 GMT |
|
| Vagus nerve |
The nerve with efferent neurons that project FROM CNS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:30:13 GMT |
|
| Afferent neurons project TO CNS |
Type of neurons in vagus nerve
Low availability of energy for peripheral organ |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:30:13 GMT |
|
| Vagus nerve |
The nerve with afferent neurons that project to the CNS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:30:13 GMT |
|
| Sympathetic nerve |
Type of nerve also known as postganglionic fibres |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:27:05 GMT |
|
| Neurons (effectors) |
type of neurons under ANS control
smooth muscles
-synapses between neurons and muscles
secretion of hormones from glands |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:27:05 GMT |
|
| Acetylcholine (ACh) |
Neurotransmitter that slows heartbeat
Very common in ANS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:27:05 GMT |
|
| Parasympathetic Branch |
Branch of ANS active while body is at rest
Ex: facilitates energy storage
Ex: slows heartbeat
Ex: aids digestion
Ex: facilitates activity of liver, bladder and kidneys
Ex: contracts pupils |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:27:05 GMT |
|
| Sympathetic Branch |
Branch of the ANS that readies the body for action: FIGHT or FLIGHT
Ex: releases energy
Ex: releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Ex: increases heartbeat
Ex: dilates pupils
Ex: inhibit digestion
Ex: inhibit activity of liver, kidneys and bladder |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:19:45 GMT |
|
| Automatic Nervous System (ANS) |
Part of the nervous system that controls internal environment
Involuntary, controlled by smooth muscle |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:19:45 GMT |
|
| Corticosteroids |
Prepare body for action
ACTH induces the release of this |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:19:44 GMT |
|
| ACTH |
travels in bloodstream to adrenal gland, inducing release of corticosteroids |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:19:44 GMT |
|
| CRF receptors |
Induce release of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from pituitary gland |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:14:47 GMT |
|
| HPA Axis |
Includes the Hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal glands
Primary circuit activated by stressors |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:14:47 GMT |
|
| Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH or CRF) |
Neurohormone
Binds to CRF Receptors
"Stress" hormone |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:14:47 GMT |
|
| Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRH or CRF) |
Neurohormone
Hypothalamus--> local blood vessel --> Pituitary gland |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:14:47 GMT |
|
| Testosterone |
Classical hormone
Regulates sexual and aggressive behaviors |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:11:32 GMT |
|
| Testosterone |
Classical hormone
Males: testes
Females: adrenal gland |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:11:32 GMT |
|
| Oestrogen |
Classical hormone
Regulates sexual motivation in females
--increases responsibity to mate/fertility |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:11:32 GMT |
|
| Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) |
Regulates body fluids
--slows the production of urine
Release is sensitive to water deficiency
--inhibits water loss |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:09:02 GMT |
|
| Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) |
Hypothalamus --> pituitary -->bloodstream --> kidney (specific target organ) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:09:02 GMT |
|
| Insulin |
Regulates glucose levels
Pancreas --> bloodstream --> body
Release is sensitive to amount of glucose in the bloodstream AND environmental cues |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:09:02 GMT |
|
| Adrenal glands |
Responsible for secreting cortisol (related to stress) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:09:02 GMT |
|
| Pancreas |
Secretes insulin (responsible for regulating glucose levels) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:05:47 GMT |
|
| Pineal gland |
Secretes hormone melatonin (activated by sunlight) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:05:47 GMT |
|
| Pituitary gland |
Responsible for secreting ACTH, oxytocin and AVP |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:05:47 GMT |
|
| Neurohormone |
Hormones in brain that are secreted by a group of neurons with local targets
Can bind with receptors and exert effects on target cells |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:05:47 GMT |
|
| Hormones |
Chemicals that act throughout the body and are secreted by glands with global targets |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:03:43 GMT |
|
| Cranial Nerves |
Spread information from the brain to teh rest of the head
Ex: facial nerves, control jaw, throat, eyes, olfactory |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:03:43 GMT |
|
| Dendritic Spines |
Enhance the surface area of the dendrite and allow more synapses to be possible with a neuron
Show plasticity, increase neurotransmission communication |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:03:43 GMT |
|
| Dendrodendritic Synapse |
A type of synapse in which a dendrite of one neuron comes in contact with a dendrite of another neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 18:03:43 GMT |
|
| Axon with only a cell body |
Transmits information using smooth changes in voltage |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:57:51 GMT |
|
| Sensory Neurons |
Den--Axon--Cell body--Axon--Den
Type of neuron that can convey information over large distances
Can have synapses at dendrites, axon or cell body |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:57:51 GMT |
|
| Postsynaptic Neuron |
what a neuron is called when it is NOT sending a message to another neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:57:51 GMT |
|
| Presynaptic Neuron |
what a neuron is called when it is sending a message to another neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:57:51 GMT |
|
| Dendrites |
The part of the neuron that (for the most part) receives the messages from other neurons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:53:27 GMT |
|
| Soma |
Cell body of neuron, contains DNA |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:53:27 GMT |
|
| Axoaxonic Synapse |
a synapse in which the axon of one neuron comes in contact with the axon of another neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:53:27 GMT |
|
| Axosomatic Synapse |
a synapse in which the axon of one neuron comes in contact with the cell body of another neuron. |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:53:27 GMT |
|
| Axodendretic Synapse |
a synapse in which the axon of one neuron comes in contact with the dendrites of another neuron. |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:51:31 GMT |
|
| Terminal Button |
Exist at the ends of the many branches that divide out from the axon
They receive the message transferred down the axon, store them in their synaptic vesicles and are responsible for then secreting these transmitter substances. |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:51:31 GMT |
|
| Spinal cord |
First point of contact, connections between PNS and CNS |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:51:31 GMT |
|
| Neuroplasticity / Brain plasticity |
This term refers to the brain’s ability to CHANGE throughout life. The brain has the amazing ability to reorganize itself by forming new connections between brain cells (neurons). |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:51:31 GMT |
|
| Myelin Sheath |
Insulates the axon of a neuron and allows for faster neural firings |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:40:57 GMT |
|
| Axon |
Long, slender projection of a nerve cell, or neuron, that conducts electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body or soma. |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:40:57 GMT |
|
| Efferent Neuron |
Neurons that travel away from the brain /away from a specific brain region
Ex: motor neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:40:57 GMT |
|
| Afferent Neurons |
Neurons that travel towards the brain / to a specific brain region
Ex: sensory neuron |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:40:57 GMT |
|
| Tract / pathway |
in CNS
bundle of axons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:33:58 GMT |
|
| Nerve |
in PNS
bundle of axons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:33:58 GMT |
|
| Ganglion |
in PNS
group of cell bodies of neurons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:33:58 GMT |
|
| Dermatone |
(spinal cord)
sensory surface of the body |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:33:58 GMT |
|
| Gray matter |
(spinal cord)
cell bodies |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:32:18 GMT |
|
| Spinal Nerve |
(spinal cord)
dorsal and ventral root |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:32:18 GMT |
|
| Ventral Root |
(spinal cord)
motor neuron axons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:32:18 GMT |
|
| DRG |
(spinal cord)
sensory neuron cell bodies |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 17:32:18 GMT |
|
| Hormones |
Chemicals that act throughout the body and are secreted by glands
- Adrenal gland --> cortisol |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:16:55 GMT |
|
| How are neuromodulators unlike NTs |
-Travel to receptors farther away
-Exert 'global' effects
-Modulate activity of the postsynaptic neuron (has a range of effects)
-Can influence the release of NTs (facilitate or inhibit)
-Can influence the ability of the NT to bind to the postsynaptic receptor (facilitate or inhibit) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:16:10 GMT |
|
| How are neuromodulators similar to NT |
-Are released from neurons
-Have effects at neighboring neurons
-Bind to receptors |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:16:10 GMT |
|
| Neuromodulator |
Like NTs
-Are released from neurons
-Have effects at neighboring neurons
-Bind to receptors
Unlike NTs
-Travel to receptors farther away
-Exert 'global' effects
-Modulate activity of the postsynaptic neuron (has a range of effects)
-Can influence the release of NTs (facilitate or inhibit)
-Can influence the ability of the NT to bind to the postsynaptic receptor (facilitate or inhibit) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:16:10 GMT |
|
| GABA |
Classical neurotransmitter
Primary inhibitory NT |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:16:10 GMT |
|
| Glutamate |
Classical neurotransmitter
Primary excitatory NT |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:12:24 GMT |
|
| Inhibitory Synapse |
Neurons 1 & 2 release neurotransmitter into their synapses with neuron 4
Since the synapse with neuron 2 is inhibitory, the input from this synapse opposes the input from the synapse with neuron 1
The net effect of inhibition cancels out the net effect of excitation
Neuron 4 is not stimulated |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:12:24 GMT |
|
| More Excitatory Synapses |
Neurons 1 & 3 release neurotransmitter into their synapses with neuron 4
With the addition of excitatory input from neuron 3, neuron 4 is stimulated to a greater extent
Action potentials fire in neuron 4 with a greater frequency |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:12:24 GMT |
|
| Excitatory Synapses |
Action potentials arrive at neuron 1
Neurotransmitter is released at the synapse between neuron 1 & 4
Neuron 4 is stimulated, action potentials fire |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:12:24 GMT |
|
| Inhibitory Synapses |
Types of synapses
Between 2 & 4 |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:03:44 GMT |
|
| Excitatory Synapses |
Types of synapses
Between 1 & 4 and between 3 & 4 |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:03:44 GMT |
|
| Circuit |
Types of synapses
Neurons 1-4 creates this |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:03:44 GMT |
|
| Synapse |
(Action Potential)
Structure that permits a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another cell |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:03:44 GMT |
|
| Neurotransmitter |
(Action Potential)
Upon reaching threshold, this is released into the synapse |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:00:46 GMT |
|
| Threshold |
(Action Potential)
After a series of action potentials, the neuron may reach this... |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:00:46 GMT |
|
| Action Potentials |
Information is encoded as the frequency of the electrical signals
Information arises from: which neurons are active and the frequency of action potentials in those neurons |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:00:46 GMT |
|
| Autonomic Nervous System |
Pat of the CNS that is involuntary
-Internal world (smooth muscles) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 02:00:46 GMT |
|
| Somatic Nervous System |
Part of the CNS that contains the Voluntary and Involuntary |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:53:39 GMT |
|
| Depression |
Mood disorder characterized by negative affect, disturbances in appetite / sleep, fatigue, lack of motivation
Reactive: in response to external events
Non-reactive: appears spontaneously (may be due to internal alterations in neurochemistry)
Multidimensional, complex causes
Genetic
Environmental/ Learning
Evolutionary context? |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:53:39 GMT |
|
| Specialization of cells in the body |
All cells contain all DNA but only certain segments of the DNA are used in a given cell to express a given protein |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:53:39 GMT |
|
| Genes |
Sections of DNA
Located on paired chromosomes
A gene pair determines a trait
Allele variant of a given gene |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:53:39 GMT |
|
| Selective Breeding |
The process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:26:36 GMT |
|
| Strains |
Subdivisions of a species that displays its own specific phenotypes, which are correlated with different genotypes |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:26:36 GMT |
|
| Species-typical behavior |
Behavior commonly displayed by most members of a species
Displayed in 'normal' environment
Triggered by specific environmental stimuli
Ex: speech |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:26:36 GMT |
|
| Innate / Instinctive behaviors |
Behaviors that are
1) Genetically determined
2) Make evolutionary sense |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:23:38 GMT |
|
| Heritability |
Degree to which differences in a trait are due to differences in genetics |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:23:38 GMT |
|
| Down's Syndrome |
Genetic / inherited disorder
AKA: trisomy 21
Results from inheritance of an extra 21st chromosome and is characterized by cognitive disabilities and physical abnormalities |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:23:38 GMT |
|
| Huntington's Disease |
Genetic / inherited disorder
The parent carrying the dominant gene for this disorder will also have it
Manifests itself later in life |
1 |
celesteallen Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:13:15 GMT |
|
| Huntington's Disease |
Genetic / inherited disorder
Results from the presence of one dominant allele, and is characterized by abnormal body movements, changes in personality and memory impairments
-If 1 parent has it, 30% chance |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:20:19 GMT |
|
| Phenylalnine |
Protein that if not produced properly (caused by genetic mutation) causes PKU
-If parents both have it, offspring 21% chance |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:20:19 GMT |
|
| PKU |
Genetic/inherited disorder
Results from a genetic mutation that causes inability to properly process the protein, phenylalnine |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:20:19 GMT |
|
| Mutations |
The phenotype that results when genes are altered during reproduction |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:20:19 GMT |
|
| Phenotype |
Physical characteristic of an individual
Result of genotype + environment |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:15:57 GMT |
|
| Genotype |
Collection of all genes of an individual |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:15:57 GMT |
|
| Protein synthesis |
-Transcription of DNA to mRNA
-Translation of mRNA to protein |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:15:57 GMT |
|
| Motivation |
Internally drives behavior by appropriately directing action and attention based on the environment |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:15:57 GMT |
|
| Action |
Voluntary, conscious response to stimuli
-Open-ended |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:12:02 GMT |
|
| Reflex |
Automatic response to stimuli
-Stereotyped |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:12:02 GMT |
|
| Natural Selection |
Process that acts on individuals, as their genes are selected to be passed on |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:12:02 GMT |
|
| Evolution |
Process that occurs on a large timescale within a species, over many generations of natural selection |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:12:02 GMT |
|
| Adaptation |
The suitability of a trait for an environment
-A sum of adapted traits (vs non-adapted traits) directly influences an individual's fitness |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:10:15 GMT |
|
| Fitness |
Measure of the ability of an animal to pass on its genes |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:10:15 GMT |
|
| Trait |
characteristic (genes which encode physical features/ or result in behaviors)
-Adaptations
-Functional parts of natural selection |
2 |
celesteallen Tue, 09 Feb 2010 00:33:09 GMT |
|
| Function |
Reproductive success / success in passing along genes |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:10:15 GMT |
|
| Natural Selection |
The process by which specific genes are favored within a given environment to produce viable offspring (pass along the genes) |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:08:00 GMT |
|
| Evolution |
Change occurring in a species across generations due to genetic variation |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:08:00 GMT |
|
| Monism |
The mind and the brain are two ways to refer to the same entity, a biological structure that is part of the body
Thus, conscious thought arises from biological functions |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:08:00 GMT |
|
| Dualism |
The mind is viewed as a separate entity from the brain and the body
Mind = conscious thought, Brain = biological structure |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:07:59 GMT |
|
| Morris Water Maze Experiment |
A behavioral procedure designed to test spatial memory that is tested on rats |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:04:28 GMT |
|
| Homeostasis (no action?) |
Homeostatic set point, ex: optimal amt of blood sugar is in the system
Environmental disturbance, ex: 5 mile run
Mechanisms to restore homeostasis balance, ex: Drop in blood sugar recognized by the PNS, sends signals to CNS... CNS sends hunger signals, so you eat...
Homeostatic set point restored, so negative feedback signals mechanisms to inaction |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:04:28 GMT |
|
| Homeostasis (no action) |
Homeostatic set point
Environmental disturbance
mechanisms to restore homeostasis balance
Homeostatic set point is restored, and NEGATIVE FEEDBACK is signals mechanisms to inaction |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:04:28 GMT |
|
| Homeostasis |
Environmental stimuli are sensed by neurons of PNS
Neurons of PNS send sensory information to neurons of the CNS
Neurons of the CNS process the information and send the feedback about the behavioral output to the PNS
Behavior is performed |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 01:04:28 GMT |
|
| Homeostatic Set point |
The body's optimal state |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:54:25 GMT |
|
| Behavior |
The actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment
They can be conscious or subconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:54:25 GMT |
|
| 4 Perspectives used to understand biological psychology |
1. causal
2. developmental/learning
3. evolutionary
4. functional |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:54:25 GMT |
|
| Biological Psychology |
Interactions between the environment (internal or external) and the brain result in behavior |
0 |
celesteallen Tue, 19 Jan 2010 00:54:25 GMT |
|
