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| label the periodic table from left to right |
non-metals, alkali metals, alkali-earth metals, transition metals, other metals, non-metals, halogens, inert elements, [in between] rare earth metals |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| what happens when you move down a group on the periodic table? |
The atomic radius increases because protons are added, but so are new energy shells of electrons. The new energy shells provide shielding, allowing the valence electrons to experience only a minimal amount of the protons' positive charge |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| what happens when you move from left to right on the period of the periodic table? |
the atomic radius decreases becauuse he nucleus of the atom gains protons, increasing the positive charge of the nucleus and increasing the attractive force of the nucleus upon the electrons |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| indicates the relative ability of an element's atoms to attract electrons in a chemical bond |
electronegativity |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion (endothermic - not favorable) |
ionization energy |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| a comparison of one atom's "fuzzy edge" to another (electron cloud edge is indistinct) |
atomic radius |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| periodic table - horizontal |
row/period/series |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| periodic table - vertical |
group/family |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| electrons in the outermost energy level |
valence electrons |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| any configuration of the system that has a higher energy than the ground state (that is, more energy than the absolute minimum) |
excited state |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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electromagnetic spectrum - put in order from least energy/frequency to most:
gamma rays, infrared, x rays, radio, microwaves, ultraviolet |
radio, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| what is the main difference between the way the Bohr model and the quantum mechanical model of the atom describe electrons? |
QM: electrons are thought of as waves with no distinct orbits
BM: electrons are thought of as matter (particles) with distinct orbits |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) according to Bohr's atomic model, when energy is added to a hydrogen atom, its electron moves to a higher-energy orbit |
true |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| this predicted the frequencies of the lines in hydrogen's atomic emission spectrum |
Bohr's model (planetary model) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| the lowest allowable energy state of an atom |
ground state |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) when an atom emits light, photons having certain specific energies are being emitted |
true |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) the neon atoms in a neon sign emit their characteristic color of light as they absorb energy |
false |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) atomic emission spectra can be explained by the wave model of light |
false |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) the fact that only certain colors appear in an element's atomic emission spectrum indicates that only certain frequencies of light are emitted |
true |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) a flame test can be used to identify the presence of certain elements in a compound |
true |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| a chemistry procedure used to test for the presence of metal ions. The emission spectrum of each element produces a characteristic color |
flame test |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) each element has a unique atomic emission spectrum |
true |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| (true or false) like the visible spectrum, an atomic emission spectrum is a continuous range of colors |
false |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom |
quantum |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| SI unit for frequency |
hertz |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| number of waves that pass a given point in one second |
frequency |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| height of a wave from the origin to a crest or from the origin to a trough |
amplitude |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:25 GMT |
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| the shortest distance between equivalent points on a continuous wave |
wavelength |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| wave speed formula |
speed of wave = wavelength x frequency |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the magnetic behavior of an electron immersed in an external magnetic field |
electron magnetic resonance (EMR) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| A-X-Z notation |
A = mass number
X = chemical symbol for element (if it is an ion, then charge goes next to it)
Z = atomic number |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the weighted average mass of the isotopes of that element |
atomic mass |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the number after an element's name, representing the sum of its protons and neutrons |
mass number |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the number of protons in an atom |
atomic number |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons |
isotope |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| gain or loss of electrons from the outer valence level of an atom so that it acquires a negative or positive charge the value of which is determined by the number of electrons gained or lost |
ion formation |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| Dalton's atomic theory |
1) atoms are invisible and indestructible
2) atoms of a given element are identical in size, mass, and chemical properties
3) atoms of a specific element are different from those of another element
4) different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
5) in a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined, or rearranged |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| states that matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.. |
Dalton's atomic theory |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| radiation that originates from the cathode and travels to the anode of a ______ tube |
cathode ray |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| invented first Periodic able for classifying elements. found that the elements could be classified by their reoccurring chemical and physical properties. used his periodic table to predict the existence of undiscovered elements and to determine their properties. as result, many new elements were quickly found. |
mendeleev |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| Heisenburg's model |
Charge-cloud/Quantum Mechanical model |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| Bohr's model |
Planetary model |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| Rutherford's model |
Nuclear model |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| Thomson's model |
Plum-Pudding model |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| Dalton's model |
BB model |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| (1754-1826) proposed the the Law of Constant Composition in 1799 ( states that the composition of a substance is always the same, regardless of how the substance was made or where the substance is found) |
Proust |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| proposed the Combustion Theory (burning: chemical addition of oxygen to the fuel) based on sound mass measurements; named oxygen; proposed the Law of Conversation of Mass which represents the beginning of modern chemistry |
Lavoisier |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| studied atomic structure with application of X-ray spectra; discoveries resulted in a more accurate positioning of elements in the Periodic Table by closer determination of atomic numbers; with discovery of isotopes, became apparent that atomic weight was not significant in periodic law, but rather the properties of the elements varied with atomic number |
Moseley |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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explained that atoms exist in "stationary" states, and that when changes from one state to another, there has been an emission (or absorption) of electromagnetic radiation of frequency ν , determined by the energy difference between the two states:
Δ E = E 2 − E 1 = hν
with this theory, combined the atomic model of Rutherford with existing quantum theory |
Bohr |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| (1834-1907) found a connection between atomic mass and elemental properties, arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass, and predicted the existence and properties of unobserved elements |
Dmitri Mendeleev |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| scientists have determined that protons and neutrons are composed of subatomic particles called ______ |
quarks |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| received the Nobel Prize in 1935 for discovering the existence of neutrons, neutral particles in the nucleus which accounts for the remainder of an atom's mass |
James Chadwick |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| in 1911, studied how positively charged alpha particles interacted with solid matter by aiming the particles at a thin sheet of gold foil. Concluded that atoms are mostly empty space; proposed existence of third atomic particle: neutron |
Rutherford |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| used the plum pudding model of the atom and stated that the atom is a uniform, positively charged sphere containing electrons |
J.J. Thomson |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| with the electron's charge and charge-to-mass known, he calculated the mass of a single electron |
Robert Millikan |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| In early 1910s, used the oil-drop apparatus to determine the charge of an electron |
Robert Millikan |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| measured the effects of both magnetic and electric fields on the cathode ray to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of a charged particle, then compared it to known values |
J.J. Thomson |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| when an electric charge is applied, a ray of radiation travels from the cathode to the anode, called ______, which is a stream of particles carrying a negative charge |
cathode ray |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| an instrument that allows individual atoms to be seen |
scanning tunneling microscope (STM) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| revived the idea of the atom in the early 1800s based on numerous chemical reactions |
John Dalton |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| disagreed with Democritus because he did not believe empty space could exist |
Aristotle |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| first person to propose the idea that matter was not infinitely divisible, but made up of individual particles called atomos |
Democritus |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the capacity to do work or produce heat |
energy |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| density equation |
D = m/v (density equals mass divided by volume) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| reaction in which the products have less energy than the reactants |
exothermic reaction |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| reaction in which the products have more energy than the reactants |
endothermic reaction |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| states that when different compounds are formed by the combination of the same elements, different masses of one element combine with the same mass of the other element in a ratio of small whole numbers |
law of multiple proportions |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| states that, regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass |
law of definite proportions |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a chemical combination of two or more different elements; can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means and has properties different from those of its component elements |
compound |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means |
element |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a technique that is used to separate the components of a mixture based on the tendency of each component to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material |
chromatography |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the energy-requiring process by which a solid changes directly to a gas without first becoming a liquid |
sublimation |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a separation technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance |
crystallization |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a technique that can be used to physically separate most homogeneous mixtures based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances |
distillation |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid |
filtration |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| one that has a uniform composition throughout and always has a single phase; also called a solution |
homogeneous mixture |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| one that does not have a uniform composition and in which the individual substances remain distinct |
heterogeneous mixture |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a physical blend of two or more pure substances in any proportion in which each substance retains its individual properties; can be separated by physical means |
mixture |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction but is conserved |
law of conservation of mass |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a process involving one or more substances changing into new substances; also called a chemical reaction |
chemical change |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a transition of matter from one state to another |
phase change |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a type of change that alters the physical properties of a substance but does not change its composition |
physical change |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a physical property that remains the same no matter how much of a substance is present |
intensive property |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a physical property, such as mass, length, and volume, that is dependent upon the amount of substance present |
extensive property |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| the number of all known digits reported in measurements plus one estimated digit |
significant figures |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| 5 rules for significant figures |
1) nonzero numbers are always significant
2) zeroes between nonzero numbers are always significant
3) all final zeroes to the right of the decimal are significant
4) placeholder zeros are not significant. To remove placeholder zeros, rewrite the number in scientific notation
5) counting numbers and defined constants have an infinite number of significant figures |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| used to express any number as a number between 1 and 10 (coefficient) multiplied by ten raised to a power (exponent) |
scientific notation |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| refers to how close a series of measurements are to one another |
precision |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| how close the measurement is to a true or accepted value |
accuracy |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a relationship in nature that is supported by many experiments |
scientific law |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| explanation of a natural phenomenon based on many observations and investigations over time |
theory |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a standard for comparison |
control |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| in an experiment, the variable whose value depends on the independent variable |
dependent variable |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| in an experiment, the variable that the experimenter plans to change |
independent variable |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis |
experiment |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| a tentative explanation for what has been observed |
hypothesis |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| numerical information |
quantitative data |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| information that describes color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristics |
qualitative data |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| systematic approach used in scientific study, whether it is chemistry, biology, physics, or another science |
scientific method |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:24 GMT |
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| measure not only of matter but also of the effect of earth's gravitational pull on that matter |
weight |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| a measure that reflects the amount of matter |
mass |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| the study of matter and the changes that it undergoes |
chemistry |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| scientific method |
observation (qualitative & quantitative), hypothesis, experiments, conclusion |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| a measurement that reflects the amount of matter (standard unit is the kilogram, kg) |
mass |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| (difference between mass and weight): _____ contributed to by protons and neutrons |
mass |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| (difference between mass and weight): _____ is the measure of not only the amount of matter but also the effect of the earth's gravitational pull on that matter |
weight |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of luminous intensity |
candela (cd) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of electric current |
ampere (A) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of amount of a substance |
mole (mol) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of temperature |
kelvin (K) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of mass |
kilogram (kg) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of length |
meter (m) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| base unit of time |
second (s) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| relative error |
(absolute/true) * 100 |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| absolute error |
observed - true |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| 1 dm^3 |
= 1 L (= 1 kg of water) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| 1 cm^3 |
= 1 mL (= 1 g of water) |
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smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| nano (n) |
10^-9 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| micro (fancy M) |
10^-6 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| mili (m) |
10^-3 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| centi (c) |
10^-2 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| deci (d) |
10^-1 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| BASE (no prefix) |
10^0 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| deka (da) |
10^1 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| hecto (h) |
10^2 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| kilo (k) |
10^3 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| mega (M) |
10^6 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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| giga (G) |
10^9 |
0 |
smiley Sun, 17 Jan 2010 07:32:23 GMT |
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