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| Three main categories of chemotherapy agents: |
Stop the synthesis of DNA building blocks
Directly damage the DNA in the nucleus
Affect the synthesis of the mitotic spindle |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:37:45 GMT |
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| Three goals of chemotherapy |
Damage the DNA of cancer cells
Inhibit DNA synthesis
Stop mitosis
(chemo targets dividing cells; also targets hair, skin, immune cells--> why hair falls out on chemo!) |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:37:45 GMT |
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| E2F |
-transcriptional activator
-mutations lead to cell cycle arrest |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:34:41 GMT |
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| p53 |
-tumor suppressor protein
-activated at check points by damaged DNA |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:34:41 GMT |
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| Cyclin D |
-proto-onco gene often deregulated in cancer |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:34:41 GMT |
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| pRb |
-belongs to family of retinoblastoma proteins
-negative regulators of cell cycle
-interact w/ TF E2F
-makes E2F inactive
-once phosphorylated, releases E2F and turns on expression in genes
-where most problems occur |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:47:17 GMT |
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| Cell Cycle Regulation & Cancer |
pRb-
Cyclin D-
p53-
E2F- |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:34:41 GMT |
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| E2F |
-TFs that regulate cyclins |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:27:45 GMT |
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| RB proteins |
-family of tumor suppressor proteins involved in regulation
-substrate of cyclin/CDK complexes |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:27:45 GMT |
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| CDKs |
-Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
-serine/theronine kinases that are involved in cell cycle regulation |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:27:45 GMT |
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| Cyclins |
-modifying proteins
-depend on cell ccle phase
-associate w/ CDKs |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:27:45 GMT |
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| Cell Cycle Regulators |
Cyclins-
CDKs- Cylin-Dependent Kinases
RB proteins-
E2F- |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:27:45 GMT |
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| Interphase |
-G1, S, G2 |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:23:51 GMT |
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| Cytokinesis |
-fiber ring of actin around the center of the cell contracts
-pinches the cell into two daughter cells |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Telophase |
-chromatids arrive at opposite poles
-new membranes form around the daughter nuclei
-chromosomes disperse--> chromatin |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Anaphase |
-paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Metaphase |
-spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Prometaphase |
-nuclear membrane dissolves
-centromeric proteins create the kinetochores
-microtubules attach at the kinetochores
-chromosomes begin moving |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Prophase |
-Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense--> chromosomes
-nucleolus disappears
-centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Mitosis |
Prophase-
Prometaphase-
Metaphase-
Anaphase-
Telophase-
Cytokinesis- |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| How do cells become cancerous? |
?? |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Prevention |
-85% of all cancers are preventable
-Environmental/behavior factors can be changed (Smoking, exposure to sun, alcohol abuse, poor nutrition, etc.)
-Factors like age, race, gender and family history cannot be changed |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:21:21 GMT |
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| Cancer Treatment |
Surgery
Chemotherapy (chems to kill cancer cells)
Radiation (large doses of energy in specific areas)
Immunotherapy (stimulate immune system to kill cancer cells)
Gene therapy
Clinical trials |
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mcs5109 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 01:04:35 GMT |
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| Lymphomas |
-affect lymphatic system
- >20 types |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:14:49 GMT |
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| Leukemias |
-blood and blood-forming organs |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:14:49 GMT |
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| Sarcomas |
-fibrous tissues, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:14:49 GMT |
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| Carcinomas |
-tissues that line the body's organs
-80% of all cancers |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:14:49 GMT |
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| Types of cancer |
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemias
Lymphomas |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:14:49 GMT |
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| Blood tests |
ex: PSA test for prostate cancer |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:09:30 GMT |
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| Diagnostic imaging |
X-rays, CAT scans, MRIs, ultrasounds (solid or liquid tumor?) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:09:30 GMT |
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| Endoscopy |
camera on tube (ex: colonoscopy) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:09:30 GMT |
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| Biopsy |
look at tissue under microscope |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:09:30 GMT |
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| How is cancer diagnosed? |
Biopsy
Endoscopy
Diagnostic imaging
Blood tests |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:09:30 GMT |
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| Progressor |
?? |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:03:34 GMT |
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| Promoter |
-causes rapid cell growth
-takes advantage of genetic mutation
-could be inherited or inside/outside body |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:03:34 GMT |
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| Initiator |
-causes initial mutation
-can be born with it
-within or outside body |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:03:34 GMT |
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| What causes cancer? |
Cancer begins with mutations in your DNA
Initiator-
Promoter-
Progressor- |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:03:34 GMT |
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| What increases your risk of cancer? |
Habits (smoking, drinking, unsafe sex)
Family history
Health conditions (chronic conditions increase risk)
Environment (secondhand smoke, chemicals) |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:01:22 GMT |
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| What causes cancer? (%s?) |
80% are sporadic (age, obesity, diet, cigs, UV, viruses, etc.)
20% are hereditary |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 22:01:22 GMT |
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| Remission |
no more symptoms present |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:59:05 GMT |
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| Prognosis |
expected outcome |
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| Staging |
I-IV |
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| Metastasis |
cancer moves to other locations in body |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:59:05 GMT |
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| Malignant |
cancerous, tumor grows uncontrollably |
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| Chronic |
long-lasting |
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| Benign |
not malignant |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:59:05 GMT |
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| Adenoma |
noncancerous tumor |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:59:05 GMT |
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| Acute |
symptoms begin or worsen quickly, not chronic |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:59:05 GMT |
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| What is cancer? |
Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer can spread throughout your body. |
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mcs5109 Sat, 05 Dec 2009 21:59:05 GMT |
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